diff --git a/cpp/src/arrow/util/align_util.h b/cpp/src/arrow/util/align_util.h
index a03a92cc0a66..0b23c6d77bd9 100644
--- a/cpp/src/arrow/util/align_util.h
+++ b/cpp/src/arrow/util/align_util.h
@@ -46,7 +46,8 @@ inline BitmapWordAlignParams BitmapWordAlign(const uint8_t* data, int64_t bit_of
                                              int64_t length) {
   // TODO: We can remove this condition once CRAN upgrades its macOS
   // SDK from 11.3.
-#if defined(__clang__) && !defined(__cpp_lib_bitops) && !defined(__EMSCRIPTEN__)
+  // __apple_build_version__ should be defined only on Apple clang
+#if defined(__apple_build_version__) && !defined(__cpp_lib_bitops)
   static_assert((ALIGN_IN_BYTES != 0) && ((ALIGN_IN_BYTES & (ALIGN_IN_BYTES - 1)) == 0),
                 "ALIGN_IN_BYTES should be a positive power of two");
 #else
diff --git a/cpp/src/arrow/util/bit_util.h b/cpp/src/arrow/util/bit_util.h
index a6eb540fa9be..bffc3c14a106 100644
--- a/cpp/src/arrow/util/bit_util.h
+++ b/cpp/src/arrow/util/bit_util.h
@@ -139,9 +139,10 @@ static inline uint64_t TrailingBits(uint64_t v, int num_bits) {
 static inline int Log2(uint64_t x) {
   // DCHECK_GT(x, 0);
 
-  // TODO: We can remove this condition once CRAN upgrades its macOS
-  // SDK from 11.3.
-#if defined(__clang__) && !defined(__cpp_lib_bitops) && !defined(__EMSCRIPTEN__)
+// TODO: We can remove this condition once CRAN upgrades its macOS
+// SDK from 11.3.
+// __apple_build_version__ should be defined only on Apple clang
+#if defined(__apple_build_version__) && !defined(__cpp_lib_bitops)
   return std::log2p1(x - 1);
 #else
   return std::bit_width(x - 1);
diff --git a/cpp/src/arrow/util/rle_encoding_test.cc b/cpp/src/arrow/util/rle_encoding_test.cc
index 5cfa64563a09..f33c71c0ad28 100644
--- a/cpp/src/arrow/util/rle_encoding_test.cc
+++ b/cpp/src/arrow/util/rle_encoding_test.cc
@@ -918,7 +918,8 @@ TEST(BitRle, Random) {
     }
     // TODO: We can remove this condition once CRAN upgrades its macOS
     // SDK from 11.3.
-#if defined(__clang__) && !defined(__cpp_lib_bitops) && !defined(__EMSCRIPTEN__)
+    // __apple_build_version__ should be defined only on Apple clang
+#if defined(__apple_build_version__) && !defined(__cpp_lib_bitops)
     if (!CheckRoundTrip(values, std::log2p1(values.size()))) {
 #else
     if (!CheckRoundTrip(values, std::bit_width(values.size()))) {
diff --git a/cpp/src/parquet/chunker_internal.cc b/cpp/src/parquet/chunker_internal.cc
index 1e1238e83504..794075b73379 100644
--- a/cpp/src/parquet/chunker_internal.cc
+++ b/cpp/src/parquet/chunker_internal.cc
@@ -88,7 +88,8 @@ uint64_t CalculateMask(int64_t min_chunk_size, int64_t max_chunk_size, int norm_
   // by taking the floor(log2(target_size))
   // TODO: We can remove this condition once CRAN upgrades its macOS
   // SDK from 11.3.
-#if defined(__clang__) && !defined(__cpp_lib_bitops) && !defined(__EMSCRIPTEN__)
+  // __apple_build_version__ should be defined only on Apple clang
+#if defined(__apple_build_version__) && !defined(__cpp_lib_bitops)
   auto target_bits = std::log2p1(static_cast<uint64_t>(target_size));
 #else
   auto target_bits = std::bit_width(static_cast<uint64_t>(target_size));
diff --git a/cpp/src/parquet/encoder.cc b/cpp/src/parquet/encoder.cc
index 75eccc96a442..2c70f63b6b8e 100644
--- a/cpp/src/parquet/encoder.cc
+++ b/cpp/src/parquet/encoder.cc
@@ -1169,7 +1169,8 @@ void DeltaBitPackEncoder<DType>::FlushBlock() {
     // See overflow comment above.
     // TODO: We can remove this condition once CRAN upgrades its macOS
     // SDK from 11.3.
-#if defined(__clang__) && !defined(__cpp_lib_bitops) && !defined(__EMSCRIPTEN__)
+    // __apple_build_version__ should be defined only on Apple clang
+#if defined(__apple_build_version__) && !defined(__cpp_lib_bitops)
     const auto bit_width = bit_width_data[i] =
         std::log2p1(static_cast<UT>(max_delta) - static_cast<UT>(min_delta));
 #else