[Proposal] Upgrade Apache Doris to C++23

[foxtail463]

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• I had searched in the issues and found no similar issues.

Description

C++23 brings nice features like deducing this, more complete ranges, and native flat_map. ClickHouse upgraded to it 3 years ago.

Use case

No response

Related issues

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Are you willing to submit PR?

• Yes I am willing to submit a PR!

Code of Conduct

• I agree to follow this project's Code of Conduct