diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
index 557e4b3e..7d8af403 100644
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@ ss-nodes.json
 .agents/
 _agent/
 _agents/
+.trae/
 
 # Internal docs
 docs/
diff --git a/frontend/src/components/ChannelConfig.tsx b/frontend/src/components/ChannelConfig.tsx
index 525f2ed8..cd269ca2 100644
--- a/frontend/src/components/ChannelConfig.tsx
+++ b/frontend/src/components/ChannelConfig.tsx
@@ -803,7 +803,8 @@ export default function ChannelConfig({ mode, agentId, canManage = true, values,
                                             <span style={{ color: 'var(--accent-primary)' }}>{webhookUrl}</span>
                                             <LinearCopyButton
                                                 textToCopy={webhookUrl}
-                                                label="Copy"
+                                                label={t('common.copy')}
+                                                copiedLabel={t('common.copied')}
                                                 iconOnly={true}
                                                 className=""
                                                 style={{ marginLeft: '6px', padding: '1px 4px', cursor: 'pointer', borderRadius: '3px', border: '1px solid var(--border-color)', background: 'var(--bg-primary)', color: 'var(--text-secondary)', verticalAlign: 'middle' }}
diff --git a/frontend/src/components/FileBrowser.tsx b/frontend/src/components/FileBrowser.tsx
index 9d852d7a..50603899 100644
--- a/frontend/src/components/FileBrowser.tsx
+++ b/frontend/src/components/FileBrowser.tsx
@@ -475,7 +475,7 @@ export default function FileBrowser({
                 {renderBreadcrumbs()}
                 <div style={{ display: 'flex', gap: '6px', marginLeft: 'auto' }}>
                     {upload && api.upload && (
-                        <button className="btn btn-secondary" style={{ fontSize: '12px' }} onClick={handleUpload}>⬆ Upload</button>
+                        <button className="btn btn-secondary" style={{ fontSize: '12px' }} onClick={handleUpload}>{t('common.upload', '⬆ Upload')}</button>
                     )}
                     {newFolder && (
                         <button className="btn btn-secondary" style={{ fontSize: '12px' }}
diff --git a/frontend/src/i18n/en.json b/frontend/src/i18n/en.json
index ef9bcc6e..2f2cec86 100644
--- a/frontend/src/i18n/en.json
+++ b/frontend/src/i18n/en.json
@@ -187,12 +187,12 @@
       "creating": "Creating",
       "error": "Error",
       "disconnected": "Disconnected",
-      "24hActions": "⏰ 24h Actions",
+      "24hActions": "24h Actions",
       "24hActionsTooltip": "Total recorded operations in the past 24 hours, including chats, tool calls, task executions, etc.",
-      "llmCallsToday": "🤖 LLM Calls Today",
+      "llmCallsToday": "LLM Calls Today",
       "max": "Max",
-      "totalToken": "📊 Total Token",
-      "pending": "⏳ Pending"
+      "totalToken": "Total Token",
+      "pending": "Pending"
     },
     "tabs": {
       "status": "Status",
@@ -210,26 +210,26 @@
     },
     "fields": {
       "name": "Name",
-      "role": "👤 Role",
+      "role": "Role",
       "avatar": "Avatar",
       "personality": "Personality",
       "boundaries": "Boundaries",
       "lastActive": "Last Active",
       "tasksInProgress": "In Progress",
       "supervisions": "Supervisions",
-      "createdBy": "👨‍💼 Created by"
+      "createdBy": "Created by"
     },
     "profile": {
-      "title": "📋 Agent Profile",
-      "created": "📅 Created",
-      "lastActive": "⏰ Last Active",
-      "timezone": "🌐 Timezone"
+      "title": "Agent Profile",
+      "created": "Created",
+      "lastActive": "Last Active",
+      "timezone": "Timezone"
     },
     "modelConfig": {
-      "title": "🤖 Model Config",
-      "model": "🧠 Model",
-      "provider": "🏢 Provider",
-      "contextRounds": "🔄 Context Window"
+      "title": "Model Config",
+      "model": "Model",
+      "provider": "Provider",
+      "contextRounds": "Context Window"
     },
     "actions": {
       "start": "Start",
@@ -336,13 +336,6 @@
       "newSkill": "New Skill",
       "flatFormat": "Simple skill (single .md file)",
       "folderFormat": "Folder skill with auxiliary files (scripts/, references/)",
-      "save": "Save",
-      "delete": "Delete",
-      "edit": "Edit",
-      "cancel": "Cancel",
-      "toolName": "Tool Name",
-      "enabled": "Enabled",
-      "disabled": "Disabled",
       "skillFormat": "Skill Format:",
       "importFromGithub": "Import from GitHub URL",
       "githubUrlDesc": "Paste a GitHub URL pointing to a skill directory (must contain SKILL.md).",
@@ -351,7 +344,14 @@
       "importedSuccess": "Imported \"{{name}}\" ({{count}} files)",
       "importFailed": "Import failed",
       "importing": "Importing...",
-      "importBtn": "Import"
+      "importBtn": "Import",
+      "save": "Save",
+      "delete": "Delete",
+      "edit": "Edit",
+      "cancel": "Cancel",
+      "toolName": "Tool Name",
+      "enabled": "Enabled",
+      "disabled": "Disabled"
     },
     "toolMgmt": {
       "title": "Tool Management",
@@ -465,6 +465,30 @@
         "saveChannel": "Save Config",
         "syncHint": "Before configuring the Feishu bot, please sync your organization structure in Enterprise Settings → Org Structure first. This ensures the bot can identify message senders."
       },
+      "timezone": {
+        "label": "Timezone",
+        "description": "Set the timezone for scheduled tasks and time-based triggers",
+        "zones": {
+          "UTC": "UTC (Coordinated Universal Time)",
+          "Asia/Shanghai": "Asia/Shanghai (Beijing Time, UTC+8)",
+          "Asia/Tokyo": "Asia/Tokyo (Japan Time, UTC+9)",
+          "Asia/Seoul": "Asia/Seoul (Korea Time, UTC+9)",
+          "Asia/Singapore": "Asia/Singapore (Singapore Time, UTC+8)",
+          "Asia/Kolkata": "Asia/Kolkata (India Time, UTC+5:30)",
+          "Asia/Dubai": "Asia/Dubai (Gulf Time, UTC+4)",
+          "Europe/London": "Europe/London (UK Time, UTC+0/+1)",
+          "Europe/Paris": "Europe/Paris (Central European Time, UTC+1/+2)",
+          "Europe/Berlin": "Europe/Berlin (Central European Time, UTC+1/+2)",
+          "Europe/Moscow": "Europe/Moscow (Moscow Time, UTC+3)",
+          "America/New_York": "America/New_York (Eastern Time, UTC-5/-4)",
+          "America/Chicago": "America/Chicago (Central Time, UTC-6/-5)",
+          "America/Denver": "America/Denver (Mountain Time, UTC-7/-6)",
+          "America/Los_Angeles": "America/Los_Angeles (Pacific Time, UTC-8/-7)",
+          "America/Sao_Paulo": "America/Sao_Paulo (Brasilia Time, UTC-3)",
+          "Australia/Sydney": "Australia/Sydney (Australian Eastern Time, UTC+10/+11)",
+          "Pacific/Auckland": "Pacific/Auckland (New Zealand Time, UTC+12/+13)"
+        }
+      },
       "danger": {
         "title": "Danger Zone",
         "deleteAgent": "Delete Digital Employee",
@@ -497,30 +521,6 @@
         "manageAccess": "Manage",
         "manageAccessDesc": "Full access including Settings, Mind, Relationships"
       },
-      "timezone": {
-        "label": "Timezone",
-        "description": "Set the timezone for scheduled tasks and time-based triggers",
-        "zones": {
-          "UTC": "UTC (Coordinated Universal Time)",
-          "Asia/Shanghai": "Asia/Shanghai (Beijing Time, UTC+8)",
-          "Asia/Tokyo": "Asia/Tokyo (Japan Time, UTC+9)",
-          "Asia/Seoul": "Asia/Seoul (Korea Time, UTC+9)",
-          "Asia/Singapore": "Asia/Singapore (Singapore Time, UTC+8)",
-          "Asia/Kolkata": "Asia/Kolkata (India Time, UTC+5:30)",
-          "Asia/Dubai": "Asia/Dubai (Gulf Time, UTC+4)",
-          "Europe/London": "Europe/London (UK Time, UTC+0/+1)",
-          "Europe/Paris": "Europe/Paris (Central European Time, UTC+1/+2)",
-          "Europe/Berlin": "Europe/Berlin (Central European Time, UTC+1/+2)",
-          "Europe/Moscow": "Europe/Moscow (Moscow Time, UTC+3)",
-          "America/New_York": "America/New_York (Eastern Time, UTC-5/-4)",
-          "America/Chicago": "America/Chicago (Central Time, UTC-6/-5)",
-          "America/Denver": "America/Denver (Mountain Time, UTC-7/-6)",
-          "America/Los_Angeles": "America/Los_Angeles (Pacific Time, UTC-8/-7)",
-          "America/Sao_Paulo": "America/Sao_Paulo (Brasilia Time, UTC-3)",
-          "Australia/Sydney": "Australia/Sydney (Australian Eastern Time, UTC+10/+11)",
-          "Pacific/Auckland": "Pacific/Auckland (New Zealand Time, UTC+12/+13)"
-        }
-      },
       "approvals": {
         "title": "Approvals",
         "pending": "{{count}} Pending",
@@ -553,7 +553,7 @@
       "noInstalled": "No tools installed yet",
       "noCompany": "No company-configured tools",
       "configured": "Configured",
-      "config": "️ Config",
+      "config": "Config",
       "testConnection": "Test Connection",
       "testing": "Testing...",
       "testSuccessful": "Test successful",
@@ -605,14 +605,14 @@
       "task": "Task Management",
       "communication": "Communication",
       "search": "Search",
-      "custom": "Custom",
-      "general": "General",
-      "email": "Email",
       "aware": "Aware & Triggers",
       "social": "Social",
       "code": "Code & Execution",
       "discovery": "Discovery",
+      "email": "Email",
       "feishu": "Feishu / Lark",
+      "custom": "Custom",
+      "general": "General",
       "agentbay": "AgentBay"
     },
     "upload": {
@@ -620,28 +620,6 @@
       "failed": "Upload failed",
       "uploading": "Uploading..."
     },
-    "skillNames": {
-      "web-research": "Web Research",
-      "data-analysis": "Data Analysis",
-      "content-writing": "Content Writing",
-      "competitive-analysis": "Competitive Analysis",
-      "meeting-notes": "Meeting Notes",
-      "complex-task-executor": "Complex Task Executor",
-      "skill-creator": "Skill Creator",
-      "content-research-writer": "Content Research Writer",
-      "mcp-installer": "MCP Tool Installer"
-    },
-    "skillDescriptions": {
-      "web-research": "Systematic web searching and information synthesis. Use when: needing factual data from the web, evaluating sources, or cross-referencing claims. NOT for: simple trivia or local file search.",
-      "data-analysis": "Data interpretation and structured reporting. Use when: analyzing CSV/dataset files, finding trends, or generating statistical summaries. NOT for: writing code to build data models.",
-      "content-writing": "Professional content creation and tone adaptation. Use when: drafting articles, emails, or marketing copy with specific stylistic requirements. NOT for: casual chat responses.",
-      "competitive-analysis": "Competitor research and comparison frameworks. Use when: asked to compare companies, products, or perform SWOT/feature matrix analysis. NOT for: general academic research.",
-      "meeting-notes": "Meeting summarization and follow-up tracking. Use when: given meeting transcripts or rough notes to extract structured action items and key decisions. NOT for: generic document summarization.",
-      "complex-task-executor": "Structured methodology for decomposing, planning, and executing complex multi-step tasks with progress tracking",
-      "skill-creator": "Create new skills, modify and improve existing skills, and measure skill performance",
-      "content-research-writer": "Assists in writing high-quality content by conducting research, adding citations, improving hooks, iterating on outlines, and providing real-time section feedback",
-      "mcp-installer": "Guide users through discovering, configuring, and installing MCP tools directly in chat — no Settings page required"
-    },
     "credentials": {
       "title": "Credentials",
       "add": "Add",
@@ -705,7 +683,7 @@
         "loginUrlPlaceholder": "https://example.com/login",
         "cookies": "Cookies JSON",
         "cookiesHint": "(leave empty to keep current)",
-        "cookiesPlaceholder": "[\n  { \"name\": \"session\", \"value\": \"abc123\", \"domain\": \".example.com\", \"path\": \"/\" }\n]",
+        "cookiesPlaceholder": "[\n { \"name\": \"session\", \"value\": \"abc123\", \"domain\": \".example.com\", \"path\": \"/\" }\n]",
         "cookiesHelp": "Paste cookies exported from",
         "cookiesHelpLink": "Cookie-Editor",
         "cookiesHelpSuffix": "or similar browser extension. Must be a JSON array."
@@ -739,6 +717,34 @@
       "namePlaceholder": "e.g. Smart Assistant",
       "importFromJson": "Import from JSON"
     },
+    "templates": {
+      "Project Manager": "Project Manager",
+      "Designer": "Designer",
+      "Product Intern": "Product Intern",
+      "Market Researcher": "Market Researcher",
+      "templateData": {
+        "Project Manager": {
+          "description": "Manages project timelines, task delegation, cross-team coordination, and progress reporting",
+          "personality": "- Organized, proactive, and detail-oriented\n- Strong communicator who keeps all stakeholders aligned\n- Balances urgency with quality, prioritizes ruthlessly",
+          "boundaries": "- Strategic decisions require leadership approval\n- Budget approvals must follow formal process\n- External communications on behalf of the company need sign-off"
+        },
+        "Designer": {
+          "description": "Assists with design requirements, design system maintenance, asset management, and competitive UI analysis",
+          "personality": "- Detail-oriented with strong visual aesthetics\n- Translates business requirements into design language\n- Proactively organizes design resources and maintains consistency",
+          "boundaries": "- Final design deliverables require design lead approval\n- Brand element modifications must go through review\n- Design source file management follows team conventions"
+        },
+        "Product Intern": {
+          "description": "Supports product managers with requirements analysis, competitive research, user feedback analysis, and documentation",
+          "personality": "- Eager learner, proactive, and inquisitive\n- Sensitive to user experience and product details\n- Thorough and well-structured in output",
+          "boundaries": "- Product recommendations should be labeled \"for reference only\"\n- Does not directly modify product specs without PM approval\n- User privacy data must be anonymized"
+        },
+        "Market Researcher": {
+          "description": "Focuses on market research, industry analysis, competitive intelligence tracking, and trend insights",
+          "personality": "- Rigorous, data-driven, and logically clear\n- Extracts key insights from complex data sets\n- Reports focus on actionable recommendations, not just data",
+          "boundaries": "- Analysis conclusions must be supported by data/sources\n- Commercially sensitive information must be labeled with confidentiality level\n- External research reports require approval before distribution"
+        }
+      }
+    },
     "step2": {
       "title": "Personality & Boundaries",
       "personalityPlaceholder": "Responsible, data-driven, proactive reporting...",
@@ -837,34 +843,6 @@
       "roleDescTooLong": "Role description cannot exceed 500 characters (current: {{count}})",
       "tokenLimitInvalid": "Please enter a valid positive integer",
       "modelRequired": "Please select a primary model"
-    },
-    "templates": {
-      "Project Manager": "Project Manager",
-      "Designer": "Designer",
-      "Product Intern": "Product Intern",
-      "Market Researcher": "Market Researcher",
-      "templateData": {
-        "Project Manager": {
-          "description": "Manages project timelines, task delegation, cross-team coordination, and progress reporting",
-          "personality": "- Organized, proactive, and detail-oriented\n- Strong communicator who keeps all stakeholders aligned\n- Balances urgency with quality, prioritizes ruthlessly",
-          "boundaries": "- Strategic decisions require leadership approval\n- Budget approvals must follow formal process\n- External communications on behalf of the company need sign-off"
-        },
-        "Designer": {
-          "description": "Assists with design requirements, design system maintenance, asset management, and competitive UI analysis",
-          "personality": "- Detail-oriented with strong visual aesthetics\n- Translates business requirements into design language\n- Proactively organizes design resources and maintains consistency",
-          "boundaries": "- Final design deliverables require design lead approval\n- Brand element modifications must go through review\n- Design source file management follows team conventions"
-        },
-        "Product Intern": {
-          "description": "Supports product managers with requirements analysis, competitive research, user feedback analysis, and documentation",
-          "personality": "- Eager learner, proactive, and inquisitive\n- Sensitive to user experience and product details\n- Thorough and well-structured in output",
-          "boundaries": "- Product recommendations should be labeled \"for reference only\"\n- Does not directly modify product specs without PM approval\n- User privacy data must be anonymized"
-        },
-        "Market Researcher": {
-          "description": "Focuses on market research, industry analysis, competitive intelligence tracking, and trend insights",
-          "personality": "- Rigorous, data-driven, and logically clear\n- Extracts key insights from complex data sets\n- Reports focus on actionable recommendations, not just data",
-          "boundaries": "- Analysis conclusions must be supported by data/sources\n- Commercially sensitive information must be labeled with confidentiality level\n- External research reports require approval before distribution"
-        }
-      }
     }
   },
   "task": {
@@ -896,6 +874,9 @@
   },
   "enterprise": {
     "title": "Company Settings",
+    "dangerZone": "Danger Zone",
+    "deleteCompanyDesc": "Permanently delete this company and all its data, including agents, models, tools, and skills. This action cannot be undone.",
+    "deleteCompany": "Delete this company",
     "tabs": {
       "llm": "Models",
       "tools": "Tools",
@@ -943,6 +924,22 @@
       "hint": "For Gmail, use an App Password. For QQ/163 mail, use the SMTP authorization code.",
       "sendTest": "Send Test Email"
     },
+    "emailTemplates": {
+      "title": "Email Templates",
+      "description": "Customize email content for each scenario. Use {{variable}} placeholders to insert dynamic data.",
+      "saveTemplates": "Save Templates",
+      "availableVars": "Available Variables",
+      "subject": "Subject",
+      "body": "Body",
+      "resetDefault": "Reset to Default",
+      "saved": "Email templates saved",
+      "emailVerification": "Email Verification Code",
+      "emailVerificationDesc": "Sent when a user registers and needs to verify their email address.",
+      "passwordReset": "Password Reset",
+      "passwordResetDesc": "Sent when a user requests to reset their password.",
+      "companyInvitation": "Company Invitation",
+      "companyInvitationDesc": "Sent when an admin invites a user to join their company."
+    },
     "quotas": {
       "defaultUserQuotas": "Default User Quotas",
       "defaultsApply": "These defaults apply to newly registered users. Existing users are not affected.",
@@ -976,8 +973,34 @@
       "users": "{{count}} users",
       "runningAgents": "{{running}}/{{total}} running"
     },
+    "timezone": {
+      "title": "Company Timezone",
+      "description": "Default timezone for all agents. Agents can override individually.",
+      "zones": {
+        "UTC": "UTC (Coordinated Universal Time)",
+        "Asia/Shanghai": "Asia/Shanghai (Beijing Time, UTC+8)",
+        "Asia/Tokyo": "Asia/Tokyo (Japan Time, UTC+9)",
+        "Asia/Seoul": "Asia/Seoul (Korea Time, UTC+9)",
+        "Asia/Singapore": "Asia/Singapore (Singapore Time, UTC+8)",
+        "Asia/Kolkata": "Asia/Kolkata (India Time, UTC+5:30)",
+        "Asia/Dubai": "Asia/Dubai (Gulf Time, UTC+4)",
+        "Europe/London": "Europe/London (UK Time, UTC+0/+1)",
+        "Europe/Paris": "Europe/Paris (Central European Time, UTC+1/+2)",
+        "Europe/Berlin": "Europe/Berlin (Central European Time, UTC+1/+2)",
+        "Europe/Moscow": "Europe/Moscow (Moscow Time, UTC+3)",
+        "America/New_York": "America/New_York (Eastern Time, UTC-5/-4)",
+        "America/Chicago": "America/Chicago (Central Time, UTC-6/-5)",
+        "America/Denver": "America/Denver (Mountain Time, UTC-7/-6)",
+        "America/Los_Angeles": "America/Los_Angeles (Pacific Time, UTC-8/-7)",
+        "America/Sao_Paulo": "America/Sao_Paulo (Brasilia Time, UTC-3)",
+        "Australia/Sydney": "Australia/Sydney (Australian Eastern Time, UTC+10/+11)",
+        "Pacific/Auckland": "Pacific/Auckland (New Zealand Time, UTC+12/+13)"
+      }
+    },
     "llm": {
       "addModel": "Add Model",
+      "editModel": "Edit Model",
+      "vision": "Vision",
       "noModels": "No data",
       "provider": "Provider",
       "model": "Model",
@@ -994,24 +1017,42 @@
       "requestTimeout": "Request Timeout (s)",
       "requestTimeoutPlaceholder": "Leave empty for 120s default (300+ recommended for local models)",
       "requestTimeoutDesc": "Override total HTTP timeout per request. Increase this for local models that are slow to generate.",
+      "temperature": "Temperature",
+      "temperaturePlaceholder": "e.g. 0.7 or 1.0 (Leave empty for default)",
+      "temperatureDesc": "Leave empty to use the provider default. o1/o3 reasoning models usually require 1.0",
       "enabled": "Enabled",
       "disabled": "Disabled",
       "save": "Save",
       "delete": "Delete",
       "edit": "Edit",
       "cancel": "Cancel",
-      "supportsVision": "👁 Supports Vision (Multimodal)",
+      "supportsVision": "Supports Vision (Multimodal)",
       "supportsVisionDesc": "— Enable for models that can analyze images (GPT-4o, Claude, Qwen-VL, etc.)",
       "test": "Test",
       "testing": "Testing...",
       "testSuccess": "OK ({{latency}}ms)",
       "testFailed": "Test failed: {{error}}\n\nLatency: {{latency}}ms",
-      "testError": "Test error: {{message}}",
-      "editModel": "Edit Model",
-      "vision": "Vision",
-      "temperature": "Temperature",
-      "temperaturePlaceholder": "e.g. 0.7 or 1.0 (Leave empty for default)",
-      "temperatureDesc": "Leave empty to use the provider default. o1/o3 reasoning models usually require 1.0"
+      "testError": "Test error: {{message}}"
+    },
+    "users": {
+      "user": "User",
+      "email": "Email",
+      "joined": "Joined",
+      "role": "Role",
+      "source": "Source",
+      "msgQuota": "Msg Quota",
+      "period": "Period",
+      "agents": "Agents",
+      "ttl": "TTL",
+      "edit": "Edit",
+      "clickToSort": "Click to toggle sort order",
+      "platformAdmin": "Platform\nAdmin",
+      "orgAdmin": "Admin",
+      "registered": "Registered",
+      "permanent": "Permanent",
+      "daily": "Daily",
+      "weekly": "Weekly",
+      "monthly": "Monthly"
     },
     "tools": {
       "title": "Global Tool Management",
@@ -1260,6 +1301,15 @@
       "send": "Send Broadcast",
       "sentWithEmail": "Sent to {{users}} users, {{agents}} agents, and {{emails}} email recipients"
     },
+    "companyName": {
+      "title": "Company Name",
+      "placeholder": "Enter company name"
+    },
+    "companyIntro": {
+      "title": "Company Intro",
+      "description": "Describe your company's mission, products, and culture. This information will be included as context in every Agent conversation.",
+      "hint": "This content will appear in every Agent's system prompt"
+    },
     "kb": {
       "title": "Company Knowledge Base",
       "rootDir": "Root",
@@ -1291,29 +1341,21 @@
       "title": "Notification Bar",
       "enabled": "Enable notification bar",
       "text": "Notification text",
-      "textPlaceholder": "e.g. 🎉 v2.1 released with new features!",
+      "textPlaceholder": "e.g. v2.1 released with new features!",
       "description": "Display a notification bar at the top of the page, visible to all users.",
       "preview": "Preview"
     },
     "identity": {
       "title": "Organization & Directory Sync",
+      "description": "Configure enterprise directory synchronization and Identity Provider settings.",
+      "notConfigured": "Not configured",
+      "active": "Active",
       "addProvider": "Add Directory Provider",
       "type": "Type",
       "name": "Display Name",
       "config": "Configuration (JSON)",
       "configExample": "Configuration Example",
       "deleteConfirm": "Are you sure you want to delete this OA provider?",
-      "providerHints": {
-        "feishu": "Feishu: Requires app_id, app_secret. Optional: encrypt_key, verification_token.",
-        "dingtalk": "DingTalk: Requires app_key, app_secret.",
-        "wecom": "WeCom: Requires corp_id, secret, agent_id.",
-        "oauth2": "OAuth2: Enter App ID, App Secret, Authorize URL, Token URL, User Info URL",
-        "saml": "SAML: Requires entry_point, issuer, cert (public key).",
-        "microsoft_teams": "Microsoft Teams: Requires client_id, client_secret, tenant_id."
-      },
-      "description": "Configure enterprise directory synchronization and Identity Provider settings.",
-      "notConfigured": "Not configured",
-      "active": "Active",
       "providers": {
         "feishu": {
           "name": "Feishu",
@@ -1332,6 +1374,14 @@
           "desc": "Generic OIDC Provider"
         }
       },
+      "providerHints": {
+        "feishu": "Feishu: Requires app_id, app_secret. Optional: encrypt_key, verification_token.",
+        "dingtalk": "DingTalk: Requires app_key, app_secret.",
+        "wecom": "WeCom: Requires corp_id, secret, agent_id.",
+        "oauth2": "OAuth2: Enter App ID, App Secret, Authorize URL, Token URL, User Info URL",
+        "saml": "SAML: Requires entry_point, issuer, cert (public key).",
+        "microsoft_teams": "Microsoft Teams: Requires client_id, client_secret, tenant_id."
+      },
       "ssoLoginToggle": "SSO Login",
       "ssoLoginToggleHint": "Allow users to log in via this identity provider.",
       "ssoSubdomain": "SSO Login URL",
@@ -1350,84 +1400,6 @@
       "botSecret": "Bot Secret",
       "appKey": "App Key",
       "appSecret": "App Secret"
-    },
-    "dangerZone": "️ Danger Zone",
-    "deleteCompanyDesc": "Permanently delete this company and all its data, including agents, models, tools, and skills. This action cannot be undone.",
-    "deleteCompany": "Delete this company",
-    "emailTemplates": {
-      "title": "Email Templates",
-      "description": "Customize email content for each scenario. Use {{variable}} placeholders to insert dynamic data.",
-      "saveTemplates": "Save Templates",
-      "availableVars": "Available Variables",
-      "subject": "Subject",
-      "body": "Body",
-      "resetDefault": "Reset to Default",
-      "saved": "Email templates saved",
-      "emailVerification": "Email Verification Code",
-      "emailVerificationDesc": "Sent when a user registers and needs to verify their email address.",
-      "emailVerificationSubject": "Verify your Clawith email address",
-      "emailVerificationBody": "Hello {{display_name}},\n\nWelcome to Clawith! Please use the following 6-digit code to verify your email address:\n\nVerification code: {{verification_code}}\n\nThis code expires in {{expiry_minutes}} minutes. If you did not create an account, you can ignore this email.",
-      "passwordReset": "Password Reset",
-      "passwordResetDesc": "Sent when a user requests to reset their password.",
-      "passwordResetSubject": "Reset your Clawith password",
-      "passwordResetBody": "Hello {{display_name}},\n\nWe received a request to reset your Clawith password.\n\nReset link: {{reset_url}}\n\nThis link expires in {{expiry_minutes}} minutes. If you did not request this, you can ignore this email.",
-      "companyInvitation": "Company Invitation",
-      "companyInvitationDesc": "Sent when an admin invites a user to join their company.",
-      "companyInvitationSubject": "{{inviter_name}} invited you to join {{company_name}} on Clawith",
-      "companyInvitationBody": "Hello,\n\n{{inviter_name}} has invited you to join their team '{{company_name}}' on Clawith.\n\nTo accept the invitation and create your account, please click the link below:\n\n{{invite_url}}\n\nIf you don't want to join this team or didn't expect this invitation, you can ignore this email."
-    },
-    "timezone": {
-      "title": "Company Timezone",
-      "description": "Default timezone for all agents. Agents can override individually.",
-      "zones": {
-        "UTC": "UTC (Coordinated Universal Time)",
-        "Asia/Shanghai": "Asia/Shanghai (Beijing Time, UTC+8)",
-        "Asia/Tokyo": "Asia/Tokyo (Japan Time, UTC+9)",
-        "Asia/Seoul": "Asia/Seoul (Korea Time, UTC+9)",
-        "Asia/Singapore": "Asia/Singapore (Singapore Time, UTC+8)",
-        "Asia/Kolkata": "Asia/Kolkata (India Time, UTC+5:30)",
-        "Asia/Dubai": "Asia/Dubai (Gulf Time, UTC+4)",
-        "Europe/London": "Europe/London (UK Time, UTC+0/+1)",
-        "Europe/Paris": "Europe/Paris (Central European Time, UTC+1/+2)",
-        "Europe/Berlin": "Europe/Berlin (Central European Time, UTC+1/+2)",
-        "Europe/Moscow": "Europe/Moscow (Moscow Time, UTC+3)",
-        "America/New_York": "America/New_York (Eastern Time, UTC-5/-4)",
-        "America/Chicago": "America/Chicago (Central Time, UTC-6/-5)",
-        "America/Denver": "America/Denver (Mountain Time, UTC-7/-6)",
-        "America/Los_Angeles": "America/Los_Angeles (Pacific Time, UTC-8/-7)",
-        "America/Sao_Paulo": "America/Sao_Paulo (Brasilia Time, UTC-3)",
-        "Australia/Sydney": "Australia/Sydney (Australian Eastern Time, UTC+10/+11)",
-        "Pacific/Auckland": "Pacific/Auckland (New Zealand Time, UTC+12/+13)"
-      }
-    },
-    "users": {
-      "user": "User",
-      "email": "Email",
-      "joined": "Joined",
-      "role": "Role",
-      "source": "Source",
-      "msgQuota": "Msg Quota",
-      "period": "Period",
-      "agents": "Agents",
-      "ttl": "TTL",
-      "edit": "Edit",
-      "clickToSort": "Click to toggle sort order",
-      "platformAdmin": "Platform\nAdmin",
-      "orgAdmin": "Admin",
-      "registered": "Registered",
-      "permanent": "Permanent",
-      "daily": "Daily",
-      "weekly": "Weekly",
-      "monthly": "Monthly"
-    },
-    "companyName": {
-      "title": "Company Name",
-      "placeholder": "Enter company name"
-    },
-    "companyIntro": {
-      "title": "Company Intro",
-      "description": "Describe your company's mission, products, and culture. This information will be included as context in every Agent conversation.",
-      "hint": "This content will appear in every Agent's system prompt"
     }
   },
   "common": {
@@ -1437,6 +1409,7 @@
     "confirm": "Confirm",
     "delete": "Delete",
     "search": "Search",
+    "searching": "Searching...",
     "loading": "Loading...",
     "noData": "No data",
     "error": "Error",
@@ -1448,16 +1421,7 @@
     "all": "All",
     "none": "None",
     "download": "Download",
-    "channels": {
-      "feishu": "Feishu",
-      "discord": "Discord",
-      "slack": "Slack",
-      "teams": "Microsoft Teams",
-      "dingtalk": "DingTalk",
-      "wecom": "WeCom"
-    },
-    "searching": "Searching...",
-    "upload": "⬆ Upload",
+    "upload": "Upload",
     "apply": "Apply",
     "reset": "Reset",
     "copy": "Copy",
@@ -1466,8 +1430,92 @@
     "darkMode": "Dark Mode",
     "collapseSidebar": "Collapse Sidebar",
     "expandSidebar": "Expand Sidebar",
+    "channels": {
+      "feishu": "Feishu",
+      "discord": "Discord",
+      "slack": "Slack",
+      "teams": "Microsoft Teams",
+      "dingtalk": "DingTalk",
+      "wecom": "WeCom"
+    },
     "deleting": "Deleting..."
   },
+  "platformDashboard": {
+    "timeRange": {
+      "last7Days": "Last 7 Days",
+      "last30Days": "Last 30 Days"
+    },
+    "metrics": {
+      "avgTokensPerSession": {
+        "label": "Avg Tokens / Session",
+        "tooltip": "Average token consumption per chat session in the last 30 days. Calculated as total tokens / total sessions."
+      },
+      "retention7Day": {
+        "label": "7-Day Retention",
+        "tooltip": "Percentage of established companies (>14 days old) that were active last week and remain active this week.",
+        "tooltipWithCount": "Percentage of established companies (>14 days old) that were active last week and remain active this week. {{retained}} of {{total}} companies retained."
+      }
+    },
+    "charts": {
+      "legend": {
+        "cumulative": "Cumulative",
+        "new": "New",
+        "dau": "DAU",
+        "wau": "WAU",
+        "mau": "MAU",
+        "enabled": "Enabled"
+      },
+      "companies": {
+        "title": "Companies",
+        "tooltip": "Cumulative and daily new company registrations"
+      },
+      "users": {
+        "title": "Users",
+        "tooltip": "Cumulative and daily new user registrations"
+      },
+      "tokenUsage": {
+        "title": "Token Usage",
+        "tooltip": "Cumulative and daily token consumption across all agents"
+      },
+      "dailySessions": {
+        "title": "Daily Sessions",
+        "tooltip": "Number of new chat sessions created per day and cumulative total"
+      },
+      "activeUsers": {
+        "title": "Active Users",
+        "tooltip": "DAU: distinct users who sent at least 1 message that day. WAU: distinct users active in a rolling 7-day window. MAU: distinct users active in a rolling 30-day window."
+      },
+      "channelDistribution": {
+        "title": "Channel Distribution",
+        "tooltip": "Distribution of chat sessions by source channel in the last 30 days"
+      },
+      "toolCategories": {
+        "title": "Top 10 Tool Categories",
+        "tooltip": "Most popular tool categories across all active agent configurations"
+      }
+    },
+    "churn": {
+      "title": "Churn Warning",
+      "tooltip": "Companies that consumed >10M tokens but have had no activity in the past 14 days",
+      "company": "Company",
+      "totalTokens": "Total Tokens",
+      "lastActive": "Last Active",
+      "daysInactive": "Days Inactive",
+      "noWarnings": "No churn warnings — all active companies are healthy"
+    },
+    "leaderboards": {
+      "topCompanies": {
+        "title": "Top 20 Companies by Tokens",
+        "tooltip": "Companies ranked by total cumulative token consumption across all their agents"
+      },
+      "topAgents": {
+        "title": "Top 20 Agents by Tokens",
+        "tooltip": "Individual agents ranked by total cumulative token consumption"
+      }
+    },
+    "loading": "Loading...",
+    "noData": "No data"
+  },
   "openclaw": {
     "created": "OpenClaw Agent Created",
     "createdDesc2": "Your OpenClaw agent has been registered. Copy the instruction below and send it to your OpenClaw agent to complete the setup.",
@@ -1491,14 +1539,14 @@
     "feishuPermBasicDesc": "Chat & messaging only",
     "feishuPermFullDesc": "Includes Docs, Drive, Bitable, Calendar, Approval",
     "feishuPermCopy": "Copy",
-    "feishuPermCopied": "✓ Copied",
+    "feishuPermCopied": "Copied",
     "slack": {
       "step1": "Go to api.slack.com/apps → click Create New App → choose From Scratch → enter an app name and pick your workspace → click Create App",
       "step2": "In the left sidebar, click OAuth & Permissions → scroll down to Scopes → under Bot Token Scopes click Add an OAuth Scope → add: chat:write, im:history, app_mentions:read",
       "step3": "Scroll back to the top of OAuth & Permissions → click Install to Workspace → click Allow → copy the Bot User OAuth Token (starts with xoxb-)",
       "step4": "Left sidebar → Basic Information → scroll to App Credentials → click Show next to Signing Secret → copy it",
       "step5": "Paste the Bot Token and Signing Secret above → click Save Config → copy the Webhook URL that appears",
-      "step6": "Left sidebar → Event Subscriptions → toggle Enable Events ON → paste the Webhook URL into the Request URL field (it will say Verified ✓) → under Subscribe to bot events, click Add Bot User Event and add: app_mention, message.im → click Save Changes",
+      "step6": "Left sidebar → Event Subscriptions → toggle Enable Events ON → paste the Webhook URL into the Request URL field (it will say Verified ) → under Subscribe to bot events, click Add Bot User Event and add: app_mention, message.im → click Save Changes",
       "step7": "A yellow banner will appear at the top: click reinstall your app and authorize again",
       "step8": "Now open a DM with your bot in Slack and send a message to test it",
       "note": "Your server must be publicly accessible on the internet so Slack can reach the Webhook URL."
@@ -1575,82 +1623,6 @@
       "ws_note": "WebSocket mode requires no public IP, callback URL, or domain verification (ICP). The connection is managed automatically."
     }
   },
-  "platformDashboard": {
-    "timeRange": {
-      "last7Days": "Last 7 Days",
-      "last30Days": "Last 30 Days"
-    },
-    "metrics": {
-      "avgTokensPerSession": {
-        "label": "Avg Tokens / Session",
-        "tooltip": "Average token consumption per chat session in the last 30 days. Calculated as total tokens / total sessions."
-      },
-      "retention7Day": {
-        "label": "7-Day Retention",
-        "tooltip": "Percentage of established companies (>14 days old) that were active last week and remain active this week.",
-        "tooltipWithCount": "Percentage of established companies (>14 days old) that were active last week and remain active this week. {{retained}} of {{total}} companies retained."
-      }
-    },
-    "charts": {
-      "legend": {
-        "cumulative": "Cumulative",
-        "new": "New",
-        "dau": "DAU",
-        "wau": "WAU",
-        "mau": "MAU",
-        "enabled": "Enabled"
-      },
-      "companies": {
-        "title": "Companies",
-        "tooltip": "Cumulative and daily new company registrations"
-      },
-      "users": {
-        "title": "Users",
-        "tooltip": "Cumulative and daily new user registrations"
-      },
-      "tokenUsage": {
-        "title": "Token Usage",
-        "tooltip": "Cumulative and daily token consumption across all agents"
-      },
-      "dailySessions": {
-        "title": "Daily Sessions",
-        "tooltip": "Number of new chat sessions created per day and cumulative total"
-      },
-      "activeUsers": {
-        "title": "Active Users",
-        "tooltip": "DAU: distinct users who sent at least 1 message that day. WAU: distinct users active in a rolling 7-day window. MAU: distinct users active in a rolling 30-day window."
-      },
-      "channelDistribution": {
-        "title": "Channel Distribution",
-        "tooltip": "Distribution of chat sessions by source channel in the last 30 days"
-      },
-      "toolCategories": {
-        "title": "Top 10 Tool Categories",
-        "tooltip": "Most popular tool categories across all active agent configurations"
-      }
-    },
-    "churn": {
-      "title": "Churn Warning",
-      "tooltip": "Companies that consumed >10M tokens but have had no activity in the past 14 days",
-      "company": "Company",
-      "totalTokens": "Total Tokens",
-      "lastActive": "Last Active",
-      "daysInactive": "Days Inactive",
-      "noWarnings": "No churn warnings — all active companies are healthy"
-    },
-    "leaderboards": {
-      "topCompanies": {
-        "title": "Top 20 Companies by Tokens",
-        "tooltip": "Companies ranked by total cumulative token consumption across all their agents"
-      },
-      "topAgents": {
-        "title": "Top 20 Agents by Tokens",
-        "tooltip": "Individual agents ranked by total cumulative token consumption"
-      }
-    },
-    "loading": "Loading...",
-    "noData": "No data"
-  },
   "companySetup": {
     "title": "Set Up Your Company",
     "subtitle": "Join an existing company or create a new one",
@@ -1671,7 +1643,7 @@
   "admin": {
     "tab": {
       "dashboard": "Dashboard",
-      "platform": "️ Platform",
+      "platform": "Platform",
       "companies": "Companies"
     },
     "platformSettings": "Platform Settings",
@@ -1685,7 +1657,7 @@
     "tokens": "Token Usage",
     "createdAt": "Created",
     "status": "Status",
-    "action": "️ Action",
+    "action": "Action",
     "active": "Active",
     "disabled": "Disabled",
     "all": "All",
diff --git a/frontend/src/i18n/zh.json b/frontend/src/i18n/zh.json
index 3de777d1..38aaa372 100644
--- a/frontend/src/i18n/zh.json
+++ b/frontend/src/i18n/zh.json
@@ -194,12 +194,12 @@
       "creating": "创建中",
       "error": "异常",
       "disconnected": "已断开",
-      "24hActions": "⏰ 24h 活动",
+      "24hActions": "24h 活动",
       "24hActionsTooltip": "过去 24 小时内该 Agent 的所有操作记录，包括对话、工具调用、任务执行等",
-      "llmCallsToday": "🤖 今日 LLM 调用",
+      "llmCallsToday": "今日 LLM 调用",
       "max": "上限",
-      "totalToken": "📊 总 Token",
-      "pending": "⏳ 待处理"
+      "totalToken": "总 Token",
+      "pending": "待处理"
     },
     "tabs": {
       "status": "状态",
@@ -217,26 +217,26 @@
     },
     "fields": {
       "name": "名称",
-      "role": "👤 角色",
+      "role": "角色",
       "avatar": "头像",
       "personality": "人格设定",
       "boundaries": "行为边界",
       "lastActive": "最后活跃",
       "tasksInProgress": "进行中",
       "supervisions": "督办",
-      "createdBy": "👨‍💼 创建者"
+      "createdBy": "创建者"
     },
     "profile": {
-      "title": "📋 Agent 档案",
-      "created": "📅 创建时间",
-      "lastActive": "⏰ 最后活跃",
-      "timezone": "🌐 时区"
+      "title": "Agent 档案",
+      "created": "创建时间",
+      "lastActive": "最后活跃",
+      "timezone": "时区"
     },
     "modelConfig": {
-      "title": "🤖 模型配置",
-      "model": "🧠 模型",
-      "provider": "🏢 提供商",
-      "contextRounds": "🔄 上下文窗口"
+      "title": "模型配置",
+      "model": "模型",
+      "provider": "提供商",
+      "contextRounds": "上下文窗口"
     },
     "actions": {
       "start": "启动",
@@ -343,13 +343,6 @@
       "newSkill": "新建技能",
       "flatFormat": "简单技能（单个 .md 文件）",
       "folderFormat": "文件夹技能，可包含辅助文件（scripts/、references/）",
-      "save": "保存",
-      "delete": "删除",
-      "edit": "编辑",
-      "cancel": "取消",
-      "toolName": "工具名称",
-      "enabled": "已启用",
-      "disabled": "已禁用",
       "skillFormat": "技能格式：",
       "importFromGithub": "从 GitHub URL 导入",
       "githubUrlDesc": "粘贴指向技能目录的 GitHub URL（必须包含 SKILL.md）。",
@@ -358,7 +351,14 @@
       "importedSuccess": "已导入 \"{{name}}\" ({{count}} 个文件)",
       "importFailed": "导入失败",
       "importing": "导入中...",
-      "importBtn": "导入"
+      "importBtn": "导入",
+      "save": "保存",
+      "delete": "删除",
+      "edit": "编辑",
+      "cancel": "取消",
+      "toolName": "工具名称",
+      "enabled": "已启用",
+      "disabled": "已禁用"
     },
     "toolMgmt": {
       "title": "工具管理",
@@ -471,12 +471,41 @@
         "encryptKey": "Encrypt Key",
         "webhookUrl": "Webhook URL",
         "configured": "已配置",
-        "usingCompanyKey": "🏢 使用公司主密钥 ({{val}})",
-        "usingCompanyConfig": "🏢 使用公司默认配置 ({{val}})",
+        "usingCompanyKey": "使用公司主密钥 ({{val}})",
+        "usingCompanyConfig": "使用公司默认配置 ({{val}})",
         "notConfigured": "未配置",
         "saveChannel": "保存配置",
         "syncHint": "在配置飞书机器人之前，请先在企业设置 → 组织架构中同步您的组织结构。这确保机器人能够识别消息发送者。"
       },
+      "timezone": {
+        "label": "时区",
+        "title": "时区",
+        "description": "此数字员工的调度、活跃时间和时间感知使用的时区。如果未设置，默认为公司时区。",
+        "current": "数字员工时区",
+        "override": "此数字员工的自定义时区",
+        "inherited": "使用公司默认时区",
+        "default": "公司默认",
+        "zones": {
+          "UTC": "UTC (协调世界时)",
+          "Asia/Shanghai": "亚洲/上海 (北京时间, UTC+8)",
+          "Asia/Tokyo": "亚洲/东京 (日本时间, UTC+9)",
+          "Asia/Seoul": "亚洲/首尔 (韩国时间, UTC+9)",
+          "Asia/Singapore": "亚洲/新加坡 (新加坡时间, UTC+8)",
+          "Asia/Kolkata": "亚洲/加尔各答 (印度时间, UTC+5:30)",
+          "Asia/Dubai": "亚洲/迪拜 (海湾时间, UTC+4)",
+          "Europe/London": "欧洲/伦敦 (英国时间, UTC+0/+1)",
+          "Europe/Paris": "欧洲/巴黎 (中欧时间, UTC+1/+2)",
+          "Europe/Berlin": "欧洲/柏林 (中欧时间, UTC+1/+2)",
+          "Europe/Moscow": "欧洲/莫斯科 (莫斯科时间, UTC+3)",
+          "America/New_York": "美洲/纽约 (美国东部时间, UTC-5/-4)",
+          "America/Chicago": "美洲/芝加哥 (美国中部时间, UTC-6/-5)",
+          "America/Denver": "美洲/丹佛 (美国山地时间, UTC-7/-6)",
+          "America/Los_Angeles": "美洲/洛杉矶 (美国太平洋时间, UTC-8/-7)",
+          "America/Sao_Paulo": "美洲/圣保罗 (巴西利亚时间, UTC-3)",
+          "Australia/Sydney": "澳大利亚/悉尼 (澳大利亚东部时间, UTC+10/+11)",
+          "Pacific/Auckland": "太平洋/奥克兰 (新西兰时间, UTC+12/+13)"
+        }
+      },
       "danger": {
         "title": "危险操作",
         "deleteAgent": "删除数字员工",
@@ -496,14 +525,6 @@
         "customDeadline": "自定义截止时间",
         "saving": "保存中..."
       },
-      "timezone": {
-        "title": "🌐 时区",
-        "description": "此数字员工的调度、活跃时间和时间感知使用的时区。如果未设置，默认为公司时区。",
-        "current": "数字员工时区",
-        "override": "此数字员工的自定义时区",
-        "inherited": "使用公司默认时区",
-        "default": "↩ 公司默认"
-      },
       "heartbeat": {
         "title": "心跳",
         "description": "定期感知检查 — 数字员工主动监控广场和工作环境。",
@@ -528,6 +549,30 @@
         "manageAccess": "管理",
         "manageAccessDesc": "完全访问权限，包括设置、思维、关系"
       },
+      "approvals": {
+        "title": "审批",
+        "pending": "{{count}} 个待审批",
+        "approve": "批准",
+        "reject": "拒绝",
+        "history": "审批历史",
+        "noRecords": "暂无审批记录"
+      },
+      "triggerLimits": {
+        "title": "触发器限制",
+        "description": "控制该 Agent 可以创建的触发器数量和行为限制",
+        "maxTriggers": "最大触发器数",
+        "maxTriggersDesc": "Agent 最多可同时拥有的触发器数量",
+        "minPollInterval": "Poll 最短间隔 (分钟)",
+        "minPollIntervalDesc": "定时轮询外部接口的最短间隔",
+        "webhookRateLimit": "Webhook 频率限制 (次/分钟)",
+        "webhookRateLimitDesc": "外部系统每分钟最多可调用的 Webhook 次数"
+      },
+      "welcomeMessage": {
+        "title": "欢迎语",
+        "description": "当用户在网页端发起新对话时，Agent 会自动发送的欢迎语。支持 Markdown 语法。留空则不发送。",
+        "saved": "已保存",
+        "placeholder": "例如：你好！我是你的 AI 助手，有什么可以帮你的吗？"
+      },
       "tools": {
         "platformTools": "平台预置工具",
         "agentInstalled": "数字员工自行安装的工具",
@@ -535,7 +580,7 @@
         "noInstalled": "暂无自行安装的工具",
         "noCompany": "暂无公司统一配置的工具",
         "configured": "已配置",
-        "config": "️ 配置",
+        "config": "配置",
         "testConnection": "测试连接",
         "testing": "测试中...",
         "testSuccessful": "测试成功",
@@ -587,142 +632,22 @@
         "task": "任务管理",
         "communication": "通讯",
         "search": "搜索",
-        "custom": "自定义",
-        "general": "通用",
-        "email": "邮件",
         "aware": "感知与触发器",
         "social": "社交",
         "code": "代码与执行",
         "discovery": "发现",
+        "email": "邮件",
         "feishu": "飞书",
+        "custom": "自定义",
+        "general": "通用",
         "agentbay": "AgentBay"
       },
       "upload": {
         "success": "上传成功",
         "failed": "上传失败",
         "uploading": "上传中..."
-      },
-      "approvals": {
-        "title": "审批",
-        "pending": "{{count}} 个待审批",
-        "approve": "批准",
-        "reject": "拒绝",
-        "history": "审批历史",
-        "noRecords": "暂无审批记录"
-      },
-      "triggerLimits": {
-        "title": "触发器限制",
-        "description": "控制该 Agent 可以创建的触发器数量和行为限制",
-        "maxTriggers": "最大触发器数",
-        "maxTriggersDesc": "Agent 最多可同时拥有的触发器数量",
-        "minPollInterval": "Poll 最短间隔 (分钟)",
-        "minPollIntervalDesc": "定时轮询外部接口的最短间隔",
-        "webhookRateLimit": "Webhook 频率限制 (次/分钟)",
-        "webhookRateLimitDesc": "外部系统每分钟最多可调用的 Webhook 次数"
-      },
-      "welcomeMessage": {
-        "title": "欢迎语",
-        "description": "当用户在网页端发起新对话时，Agent 会自动发送的欢迎语。支持 Markdown 语法。留空则不发送。",
-        "saved": "已保存",
-        "placeholder": "例如：你好！我是你的 AI 助手，有什么可以帮你的吗？"
       }
     },
-    "tools": {
-      "platformTools": "平台预置工具",
-      "companyTools": "公司配置工具",
-      "agentInstalled": "数字员工自行安装的工具",
-      "noInstalled": "暂无自行安装的工具",
-      "noCompany": "暂无公司统一配置的工具",
-      "configured": "已配置",
-      "usingCompanyKey": "🏢 使用公司主密钥 ({{val}})",
-      "usingCompanyConfig": "🏢 使用公司默认配置 ({{val}})",
-      "config": "️ 配置",
-      "testConnection": "测试连接",
-      "testing": "测试中...",
-      "testSuccessful": "测试成功",
-      "testFailed": "测试失败",
-      "resetToGlobal": "重置为全局配置",
-      "configJson": "配置 JSON（员工级覆盖）",
-      "globalDefault": "全局默认值：",
-      "adminOnly": "（仅管理员）",
-      "company": "（公司：{{val}}）",
-      "sharedCategoryConfig": "共享分类配置（影响此分类下的所有工具）",
-      "perAgentConfig": "员工级配置（覆盖全局默认值）",
-      "setupGuide": "设置指南",
-      "configureCategory": "配置 {{category}}",
-      "enableDisableAll": "启用/禁用所有 {{category}} 工具",
-      "configurePerAgent": "配置员工级设置",
-      "removeTool": "从员工移除",
-      "confirmDelete": "确定从该员工移除 \"{{name}}\" 吗？",
-      "leaveBlankDefault": "留空使用全局默认值",
-      "saveFailed": "保存失败",
-      "deleteFailed": "删除失败",
-      "expired": "已过期",
-      "noPresetSkills": "暂无可用的预设技能",
-      "importedFiles": "已导入 {{count}} 个文件",
-      "importFailed": "导入失败",
-      "importing": "导入中...",
-      "import": "导入",
-      "importFromUrl": "从 URL 导入",
-      "browseClawhub": "浏览 ClawHub",
-      "importFromPresets": "从预设导入",
-      "searchSkills": "搜索技能...",
-      "install": "安装",
-      "installing": "安装中...",
-      "installed": "已安装",
-      "browseClawhubTitle": "浏览 ClawHub",
-      "browseClawhubDesc": "从 ClawHub 搜索并安装技能到此数字员工的工作区。",
-      "searchClawhubHint": "搜索 ClawHub 以查找技能",
-      "installedSuccess": "已安装 \"{{name}}\" ({{count}} 个文件)",
-      "somethingWentWrong": "出现问题",
-      "unexpectedError": "加载页面时发生意外错误。",
-      "reloadPage": "重新加载页面",
-      "selectAgent": "— 选择数字员工 —",
-      "failedToCreateSession": "创建会话失败",
-      "failed": "失败"
-    },
-    "toolCategories": {
-      "file": "文件操作",
-      "task": "任务管理",
-      "communication": "通讯",
-      "search": "搜索",
-      "custom": "自定义",
-      "general": "通用",
-      "email": "邮件",
-      "aware": "感知与触发器",
-      "social": "社交",
-      "code": "代码与执行",
-      "discovery": "发现",
-      "feishu": "飞书",
-      "agentbay": "AgentBay"
-    },
-    "upload": {
-      "success": "上传成功",
-      "failed": "上传失败",
-      "uploading": "上传中..."
-    },
-    "skillNames": {
-      "web-research": "网络研究",
-      "data-analysis": "数据分析",
-      "content-writing": "内容写作",
-      "competitive-analysis": "竞争分析",
-      "meeting-notes": "会议纪要",
-      "complex-task-executor": "复杂任务执行器",
-      "skill-creator": "技能创建器",
-      "content-research-writer": "内容研究写作",
-      "mcp-installer": "MCP 工具安装器"
-    },
-    "skillDescriptions": {
-      "web-research": "系统性网络搜索和信息综合。适用于：需要从网络获取事实数据、评估信息来源或交叉验证观点。不适用于：简单问答或本地文件搜索。",
-      "data-analysis": "数据解读和结构化报告。适用于：分析 CSV/数据集文件、发现趋势或生成统计摘要。不适用于：编写代码构建数据模型。",
-      "content-writing": "专业内容创作和语调调整。适用于：撰写文章、邮件或具有特定风格要求的营销文案。不适用于：日常聊天回复。",
-      "competitive-analysis": "竞争对手研究和比较框架。适用于：比较公司、产品或进行 SWOT/功能矩阵分析。不适用于：一般学术研究。",
-      "meeting-notes": "会议摘要和跟进追踪。适用于：从会议记录或粗略笔记中提取结构化的行动项和关键决策。不适用于：通用文档摘要。",
-      "complex-task-executor": "用于分解、规划和执行复杂多步骤任务的结构化方法，支持进度跟踪",
-      "skill-creator": "创建新技能、修改和改进现有技能，并衡量技能表现",
-      "content-research-writer": "通过进行研究、添加引用、改进开头、迭代大纲和提供实时章节反馈来协助撰写高质量内容",
-      "mcp-installer": "引导用户在聊天中直接发现、配置和安装 MCP 工具——无需设置页面"
-    },
     "credentials": {
       "title": "凭据",
       "add": "添加",
@@ -786,11 +711,80 @@
         "loginUrlPlaceholder": "https://example.com/login",
         "cookies": "Cookie JSON",
         "cookiesHint": "（留空则保持当前 Cookie）",
-        "cookiesPlaceholder": "[\n  { \"name\": \"session\", \"value\": \"abc123\", \"domain\": \".example.com\", \"path\": \"/\" }\n]",
+        "cookiesPlaceholder": "[\n { \"name\": \"session\", \"value\": \"abc123\", \"domain\": \".example.com\", \"path\": \"/\" }\n]",
         "cookiesHelp": "粘贴从",
         "cookiesHelpLink": "Cookie-Editor",
         "cookiesHelpSuffix": "或类似浏览器扩展导出的 Cookie。必须是 JSON 数组格式。"
       }
+    },
+    "toolCategories": {
+      "file": "文件操作",
+      "task": "任务管理",
+      "communication": "通讯",
+      "search": "搜索",
+      "aware": "感知与触发器",
+      "social": "社交",
+      "code": "代码与执行",
+      "discovery": "发现",
+      "email": "邮件",
+      "feishu": "飞书",
+      "custom": "自定义",
+      "general": "通用",
+      "agentbay": "AgentBay"
+    },
+    "tools": {
+      "platformTools": "平台预置工具",
+      "companyTools": "公司配置工具",
+      "agentInstalled": "数字员工自行安装的工具",
+      "noInstalled": "暂无自行安装的工具",
+      "noCompany": "暂无公司统一配置的工具",
+      "configured": "已配置",
+      "config": "配置",
+      "testConnection": "测试连接",
+      "testing": "测试中...",
+      "testSuccessful": "测试成功",
+      "testFailed": "测试失败",
+      "resetToGlobal": "重置为全局配置",
+      "configJson": "配置 JSON（员工级覆盖）",
+      "globalDefault": "全局默认值：",
+      "adminOnly": "（仅管理员）",
+      "company": "（公司：{{val}}）",
+      "sharedCategoryConfig": "共享分类配置（影响此分类下的所有工具）",
+      "perAgentConfig": "员工级配置（覆盖全局默认值）",
+      "setupGuide": "设置指南",
+      "configureCategory": "配置 {{category}}",
+      "enableDisableAll": "启用/禁用所有 {{category}} 工具",
+      "configurePerAgent": "配置员工级设置",
+      "removeTool": "从员工移除",
+      "confirmDelete": "确定从该员工移除 \"{{name}}\" 吗？",
+      "usingCompanyKey": "使用公司密钥（{{val}}）",
+      "usingCompanyConfig": "使用公司配置（{{val}}）",
+      "leaveBlankDefault": "留空使用全局默认值",
+      "saveFailed": "保存失败",
+      "deleteFailed": "删除失败",
+      "expired": "已过期",
+      "noPresetSkills": "暂无可用的预设技能",
+      "importedFiles": "已导入 {{count}} 个文件",
+      "importFailed": "导入失败",
+      "importing": "导入中...",
+      "import": "导入",
+      "importFromUrl": "从 URL 导入",
+      "browseClawhub": "浏览 ClawHub",
+      "importFromPresets": "从预设导入",
+      "searchSkills": "搜索技能...",
+      "install": "安装",
+      "installing": "安装中...",
+      "installed": "已安装",
+      "browseClawhubTitle": "浏览 ClawHub",
+      "browseClawhubDesc": "从 ClawHub 搜索并安装技能到此数字员工的工作区。",
+      "searchClawhubHint": "搜索 ClawHub 以查找技能",
+      "installedSuccess": "已安装 \"{{name}}\" ({{count}} 个文件)",
+      "somethingWentWrong": "出现问题",
+      "unexpectedError": "加载页面时发生意外错误。",
+      "reloadPage": "重新加载页面",
+      "selectAgent": "— 选择数字员工 —",
+      "failedToCreateSession": "创建会话失败",
+      "failed": "失败"
     }
   },
   "wizard": {
@@ -985,30 +979,6 @@
     "dangerZone": "危险区域",
     "deleteCompanyDesc": "永久删除此公司及其所有数据，包括数字员工、模型、工具和技能。此操作无法撤销。",
     "deleteCompany": "删除此公司",
-    "timezone": {
-      "title": "公司时区",
-      "description": "所有数字员工的默认时区。数字员工可以单独覆盖。",
-      "zones": {
-        "UTC": "UTC (协调世界时)",
-        "Asia/Shanghai": "亚洲/上海 (北京时间, UTC+8)",
-        "Asia/Tokyo": "亚洲/东京 (日本时间, UTC+9)",
-        "Asia/Seoul": "亚洲/首尔 (韩国时间, UTC+9)",
-        "Asia/Singapore": "亚洲/新加坡 (新加坡时间, UTC+8)",
-        "Asia/Kolkata": "亚洲/加尔各答 (印度时间, UTC+5:30)",
-        "Asia/Dubai": "亚洲/迪拜 (海湾时间, UTC+4)",
-        "Europe/London": "欧洲/伦敦 (英国时间, UTC+0/+1)",
-        "Europe/Paris": "欧洲/巴黎 (中欧时间, UTC+1/+2)",
-        "Europe/Berlin": "欧洲/柏林 (中欧时间, UTC+1/+2)",
-        "Europe/Moscow": "欧洲/莫斯科 (莫斯科时间, UTC+3)",
-        "America/New_York": "美洲/纽约 (美国东部时间, UTC-5/-4)",
-        "America/Chicago": "美洲/芝加哥 (美国中部时间, UTC-6/-5)",
-        "America/Denver": "美洲/丹佛 (美国山地时间, UTC-7/-6)",
-        "America/Los_Angeles": "美洲/洛杉矶 (美国太平洋时间, UTC-8/-7)",
-        "America/Sao_Paulo": "美洲/圣保罗 (巴西利亚时间, UTC-3)",
-        "Australia/Sydney": "澳大利亚/悉尼 (澳大利亚东部时间, UTC+10/+11)",
-        "Pacific/Auckland": "太平洋/奥克兰 (新西兰时间, UTC+12/+13)"
-      }
-    },
     "systemEmail": {
       "title": "系统邮件配置",
       "description": "配置 SMTP 设置以发送系统邮件，如密码重置和通知。",
@@ -1023,18 +993,34 @@
       "hint": "对于 Gmail，请使用应用密码。对于 QQ/163 邮箱，请使用 SMTP 授权码。",
       "sendTest": "发送测试邮件"
     },
-    "quotas": {
-      "defaultUserQuotas": "默认用户配额",
-      "defaultsApply": "这些默认设置适用于新注册的用户。现有用户不受影响。",
-      "conversationLimits": "对话限制",
-      "messageLimit": "消息限制",
-      "maxMessagesPerPeriod": "每个周期的最大消息数",
-      "messagePeriod": "消息周期",
-      "permanent": "永久",
-      "daily": "每日",
-      "weekly": "每周",
-      "monthly": "每月",
-      "agentLimits": "数字员工限制",
+    "emailTemplates": {
+      "title": "邮件模板",
+      "description": "为每种场景自定义邮件内容。使用 {{variable}} 占位符插入动态数据。",
+      "saveTemplates": "保存模板",
+      "availableVars": "可用变量",
+      "subject": "主题",
+      "body": "正文",
+      "resetDefault": "重置为默认值",
+      "saved": "邮件模板已保存",
+      "emailVerification": "邮箱验证码",
+      "emailVerificationDesc": "用户注册并需要验证邮箱地址时发送。",
+      "passwordReset": "密码重置",
+      "passwordResetDesc": "用户请求重置密码时发送。",
+      "companyInvitation": "公司邀请",
+      "companyInvitationDesc": "管理员邀请用户加入公司时发送。"
+    },
+    "quotas": {
+      "defaultUserQuotas": "默认用户配额",
+      "defaultsApply": "这些默认设置适用于新注册的用户。现有用户不受影响。",
+      "conversationLimits": "对话限制",
+      "messageLimit": "消息限制",
+      "maxMessagesPerPeriod": "每个周期的最大消息数",
+      "messagePeriod": "消息周期",
+      "permanent": "永久",
+      "daily": "每日",
+      "weekly": "每周",
+      "monthly": "每月",
+      "agentLimits": "数字员工限制",
       "maxAgents": "最大数字员工数",
       "agentsUserCanCreate": "用户可创建的数字员工数量",
       "agentTTL": "数字员工生命周期（小时）",
@@ -1089,8 +1075,34 @@
       "users": "{{count}} 用户",
       "runningAgents": "{{running}}/{{total}} 运行中"
     },
+    "timezone": {
+      "title": "公司时区",
+      "description": "所有数字员工的默认时区。数字员工可以单独覆盖。",
+      "zones": {
+        "UTC": "UTC (协调世界时)",
+        "Asia/Shanghai": "亚洲/上海 (北京时间, UTC+8)",
+        "Asia/Tokyo": "亚洲/东京 (日本时间, UTC+9)",
+        "Asia/Seoul": "亚洲/首尔 (韩国时间, UTC+9)",
+        "Asia/Singapore": "亚洲/新加坡 (新加坡时间, UTC+8)",
+        "Asia/Kolkata": "亚洲/加尔各答 (印度时间, UTC+5:30)",
+        "Asia/Dubai": "亚洲/迪拜 (海湾时间, UTC+4)",
+        "Europe/London": "欧洲/伦敦 (英国时间, UTC+0/+1)",
+        "Europe/Paris": "欧洲/巴黎 (中欧时间, UTC+1/+2)",
+        "Europe/Berlin": "欧洲/柏林 (中欧时间, UTC+1/+2)",
+        "Europe/Moscow": "欧洲/莫斯科 (莫斯科时间, UTC+3)",
+        "America/New_York": "美洲/纽约 (美国东部时间, UTC-5/-4)",
+        "America/Chicago": "美洲/芝加哥 (美国中部时间, UTC-6/-5)",
+        "America/Denver": "美洲/丹佛 (美国山地时间, UTC-7/-6)",
+        "America/Los_Angeles": "美洲/洛杉矶 (美国太平洋时间, UTC-8/-7)",
+        "America/Sao_Paulo": "美洲/圣保罗 (巴西利亚时间, UTC-3)",
+        "Australia/Sydney": "澳大利亚/悉尼 (澳大利亚东部时间, UTC+10/+11)",
+        "Pacific/Auckland": "太平洋/奥克兰 (新西兰时间, UTC+12/+13)"
+      }
+    },
     "llm": {
       "addModel": "添加模型",
+      "editModel": "编辑模型",
+      "vision": "视觉",
       "noModels": "暂无数据",
       "provider": "提供商",
       "model": "模型",
@@ -1107,24 +1119,42 @@
       "requestTimeout": "请求超时（秒）",
       "requestTimeoutPlaceholder": "留空使用默认 120 (建议本地模型填 300+)",
       "requestTimeoutDesc": "覆盖默认的接口超时时间。大参数量或本地部署模型推理较慢时建议调大。",
+      "temperature": "模型温度",
+      "temperaturePlaceholder": "例如 0.7 或 1.0（留空使用默认值）",
+      "temperatureDesc": "留空使用提供商默认值。o1/o3 推理模型通常需要 1.0",
       "enabled": "启用",
       "disabled": "禁用",
       "save": "保存",
       "delete": "删除",
       "edit": "编辑",
       "cancel": "取消",
-      "supportsVision": "👁 支持视觉（多模态）",
+      "supportsVision": "支持视觉（多模态）",
       "supportsVisionDesc": "— 为能够分析图像的模型启用（GPT-4o、Claude、Qwen-VL 等）",
       "test": "测试",
       "testing": "测试中...",
       "testSuccess": "OK ({{latency}}ms)",
       "testFailed": "测试失败: {{error}}\n\n延迟: {{latency}}ms",
-      "testError": "测试错误: {{message}}",
-      "editModel": "编辑模型",
-      "vision": "视觉",
-      "temperature": "模型温度",
-      "temperaturePlaceholder": "例如 0.7 或 1.0（留空使用默认值）",
-      "temperatureDesc": "留空使用提供商默认值。o1/o3 推理模型通常需要 1.0"
+      "testError": "测试错误: {{message}}"
+    },
+    "users": {
+      "user": "用户",
+      "email": "Email",
+      "joined": "注册时间",
+      "role": "角色",
+      "source": "来源",
+      "msgQuota": "消息配额",
+      "period": "周期",
+      "agents": "数字员工",
+      "ttl": "TTL",
+      "edit": "编辑",
+      "clickToSort": "点击切换排序",
+      "platformAdmin": "平台\n管理员",
+      "orgAdmin": "管理员",
+      "registered": "注册",
+      "permanent": "永久",
+      "daily": "每天",
+      "weekly": "每周",
+      "monthly": "每月"
     },
     "tools": {
       "title": "全局工具管理",
@@ -1415,52 +1445,10 @@
       "title": "顶部通知条",
       "enabled": "启用通知条",
       "text": "通知文案",
-      "textPlaceholder": "输入通知条文案，如：🎉 v2.1 已发布！",
+      "textPlaceholder": "输入通知条文案，如： v2.1 已发布！",
       "description": "在页面顶部显示一行通知条，所有用户（含未登录用户）可见。",
       "preview": "预览"
     },
-    "emailTemplates": {
-      "title": "邮件模板",
-      "description": "为每种场景自定义邮件内容。使用 {{variable}} 占位符插入动态数据。",
-      "saveTemplates": "保存模板",
-      "availableVars": "可用变量",
-      "subject": "主题",
-      "body": "正文",
-      "resetDefault": "重置为默认值",
-      "saved": "邮件模板已保存",
-      "emailVerification": "邮箱验证码",
-      "emailVerificationDesc": "用户注册并需要验证邮箱地址时发送。",
-      "emailVerificationSubject": "验证您的 Clawith 邮箱地址",
-      "emailVerificationBody": "您好 {{display_name}}，\n\n欢迎来到 Clawith！请使用以下 6 位数字验证码验证您的邮箱地址：\n\n验证码：{{verification_code}}\n\n此验证码将在 {{expiry_minutes}} 分钟后过期。如果您没有创建账号，可以忽略此邮件。",
-      "passwordReset": "密码重置",
-      "passwordResetDesc": "用户请求重置密码时发送。",
-      "passwordResetSubject": "重置您的 Clawith 密码",
-      "passwordResetBody": "您好 {{display_name}}，\n\n我们收到了重置您 Clawith 密码的请求。\n\n重置链接：{{reset_url}}\n\n此链接将在 {{expiry_minutes}} 分钟后过期。如果您没有提出此请求，可以忽略此邮件。",
-      "companyInvitation": "公司邀请",
-      "companyInvitationDesc": "管理员邀请用户加入公司时发送。",
-      "companyInvitationSubject": "{{inviter_name}} 邀请您加入 {{company_name}} 的 Clawith 团队",
-      "companyInvitationBody": "您好，\n\n{{inviter_name}} 邀请您加入他们在 Clawith 的团队\"{{company_name}}\"。\n\n要接受邀请并创建您的账号，请点击以下链接：\n\n{{invite_url}}\n\n如果您不想加入此团队或没有预期此邀请，可以忽略此邮件。"
-    },
-    "users": {
-      "user": "用户",
-      "email": "Email",
-      "joined": "注册时间",
-      "role": "角色",
-      "source": "来源",
-      "msgQuota": "消息配额",
-      "period": "周期",
-      "agents": "数字员工",
-      "ttl": "TTL",
-      "edit": "编辑",
-      "clickToSort": "点击切换排序",
-      "platformAdmin": "平台\n管理员",
-      "orgAdmin": "管理员",
-      "registered": "注册",
-      "permanent": "永久",
-      "daily": "每天",
-      "weekly": "每周",
-      "monthly": "每月"
-    },
     "identity": {
       "title": "组织架构与账号同步",
       "description": "配置企业目录同步和身份提供商设置。",
@@ -1527,6 +1515,7 @@
     "confirm": "确认",
     "delete": "删除",
     "search": "搜索",
+    "searching": "搜索中...",
     "loading": "加载中...",
     "noData": "暂无数据",
     "error": "出错了",
@@ -1538,8 +1527,15 @@
     "all": "全部",
     "none": "无",
     "download": "下载",
+    "upload": "上传",
     "apply": "应用",
     "reset": "重置",
+    "copy": "复制",
+    "copied": "已复制",
+    "lightMode": "浅色模式",
+    "darkMode": "深色模式",
+    "collapseSidebar": "折叠侧边栏",
+    "expandSidebar": "展开侧边栏",
     "channels": {
       "feishu": "飞书",
       "discord": "Discord",
@@ -1548,21 +1544,20 @@
       "dingtalk": "钉钉",
       "wecom": "企业微信"
     },
-    "searching": "搜索中...",
-    "upload": "⬆ 上传",
-    "copy": "复制",
-    "copied": "已复制",
-    "lightMode": "浅色模式",
-    "darkMode": "深色模式",
-    "collapseSidebar": "折叠侧边栏",
-    "expandSidebar": "展开侧边栏",
     "deleting": "删除中..."
   },
   "admin": {
     "title": "公司管理",
     "desc": "管理所有公司，创建新公司，配置平台级设置。",
+    "tab": {
+      "dashboard": "平台仪表盘",
+      "platform": "平台设置",
+      "companies": "公司管理"
+    },
     "createCompany": "创建公司",
     "platformSettings": "平台设置",
+    "platformSettingsDesc": "管理平台级设置和公司租户。",
+    "settingUpdated": "设置已更新",
     "allowSelfCreate": "允许用户自行创建公司",
     "allowSelfCreateDesc": "关闭后，仅平台管理员可以创建公司。",
     "inviteCodeRequired": "注册需要邀请码",
@@ -1578,13 +1573,20 @@
     "copied": "已复制",
     "cannotDisableDefault": "无法停用默认公司 -- 平台管理员将无法登录",
     "company": "公司",
+    "sso": "SSO",
+    "orgAdmin": "管理员邮箱",
     "users": "用户数",
-    "agents": "数字员工",
+    "agents": "数字员工数",
     "tokens": "Token 用量",
+    "createdAt": "创建时间",
     "status": "状态",
-    "active": "正常",
-    "disabled": "已停用",
-    "disable": "停用",
+    "action": "操作",
+    "active": "活跃",
+    "disabled": "已禁用",
+    "all": "全部",
+    "filterStatus": "按状态筛选",
+    "enable": "启用",
+    "disable": "禁用",
     "editCompany": "编辑公司",
     "ssoConfigTitle": "SSO 与域名配置",
     "ssoConfigDesc": "为公司开启 SSO 登录并设置专属访问域名。开启后，用户访问该域名将自动进入该公司的 SSO 流程。",
@@ -1592,46 +1594,104 @@
     "ssoDomain": "专属访问域名",
     "ssoDomainPlaceholder": "例如: acme.clawith.com",
     "confirmDisable": "停用此公司？所有用户和数字员工将被暂停。",
-    "showing": "{{start}}-{{end}} / {{total}}",
+    "noFilterResults": "没有符合当前筛选条件的公司。",
+    "showing": "第 {{start}}-{{end}} 条，共 {{total}} 条",
     "prev": "上一页",
-    "next": "下一页",
-    "tab": {
-      "dashboard": "平台仪表盘",
-      "platform": "️ 平台设置",
-      "companies": "公司管理"
-    },
-    "platformSettingsDesc": "管理平台级设置和公司租户。",
-    "settingUpdated": "设置已更新",
-    "sso": "SSO",
-    "orgAdmin": "管理员邮箱",
-    "createdAt": "创建时间",
-    "action": "️ 操作",
-    "all": "全部",
-    "filterStatus": "按状态筛选",
-    "enable": "启用",
-    "noFilterResults": "没有符合当前筛选条件的公司。"
+    "next": "下一页"
   },
   "companySetup": {
     "title": "设置你的公司",
     "subtitle": "加入已有公司或创建一个新公司",
     "joinTitle": "加入公司",
-    "joinDesc": "输入邀请码加入已有公司",
-    "codePlaceholder": "输入邀请码",
-    "join": "加入",
-    "or": "或",
-    "createTitle": "创建公司",
-    "createDesc": "创建你自己的公司并开始使用",
-    "namePlaceholder": "公司名称",
-    "create": "创建",
-    "hint": "你可以随时从企业设置中邀请成员加入。",
+    "joinDesc": "输入公司管理员提供的邀请码。",
     "inviteCode": "邀请码",
     "inviteCodePlaceholder": "例如：ABC12345",
     "joinBtn": "加入公司",
+    "or": "或",
+    "createTitle": "创建公司",
+    "createDesc": "创建一个新的工作空间。稍后可以邀请团队成员。",
     "companyName": "公司名称",
     "companyNamePlaceholder": "公司名称",
     "createBtn": "创建",
+    "hint": "你可以随时从企业设置中邀请成员加入。",
     "contactAdmin": "请联系平台管理员获取邀请码。"
   },
+  "platformDashboard": {
+    "timeRange": {
+      "last7Days": "最近 7 天",
+      "last30Days": "最近 30 天"
+    },
+    "metrics": {
+      "avgTokensPerSession": {
+        "label": "平均 Token / 会话",
+        "tooltip": "最近 30 天内每个聊天会话的平均 Token 消耗。计算方式：总 Token 数 / 总会话数。"
+      },
+      "retention7Day": {
+        "label": "7 天留存率",
+        "tooltip": "上周活跃且本周仍然活跃的成熟公司（>14 天）的百分比。",
+        "tooltipWithCount": "上周活跃且本周仍然活跃的成熟公司（>14 天）的百分比。{{retained}} / {{total}} 家公司留存。"
+      }
+    },
+    "charts": {
+      "legend": {
+        "cumulative": "累计",
+        "new": "新增",
+        "dau": "DAU",
+        "wau": "WAU",
+        "mau": "MAU",
+        "enabled": "已启用"
+      },
+      "companies": {
+        "title": "公司数量",
+        "tooltip": "累计和每日新增公司注册数"
+      },
+      "users": {
+        "title": "用户数量",
+        "tooltip": "累计和每日新增用户注册数"
+      },
+      "tokenUsage": {
+        "title": "Token 使用量",
+        "tooltip": "所有数字员工的累计和每日 Token 消耗"
+      },
+      "dailySessions": {
+        "title": "每日会话数",
+        "tooltip": "每日新增聊天会话数和累计总数"
+      },
+      "activeUsers": {
+        "title": "活跃用户",
+        "tooltip": "DAU：当天发送至少 1 条消息的不同用户数。WAU：滚动 7 天窗口内的不同活跃用户数。MAU：滚动 30 天窗口内的不同活跃用户数。"
+      },
+      "channelDistribution": {
+        "title": "渠道分布",
+        "tooltip": "最近 30 天内各来源渠道的聊天会话分布"
+      },
+      "toolCategories": {
+        "title": "前 10 工具类别",
+        "tooltip": "所有活跃数字员工配置中最受欢迎的工具类别"
+      }
+    },
+    "churn": {
+      "title": "流失预警",
+      "tooltip": "Token 消耗超过 1000 万但过去 14 天无活动的公司",
+      "company": "公司",
+      "totalTokens": "总 Token 数",
+      "lastActive": "最后活跃",
+      "daysInactive": "未活跃天数",
+      "noWarnings": "无流失预警 — 所有活跃公司状态健康"
+    },
+    "leaderboards": {
+      "topCompanies": {
+        "title": "Token 消耗前 20 公司",
+        "tooltip": "按所有数字员工累计 Token 消耗排名的公司"
+      },
+      "topAgents": {
+        "title": "Token 消耗前 20 数字员工",
+        "tooltip": "按累计 Token 消耗排名的数字员工"
+      }
+    },
+    "loading": "加载中...",
+    "noData": "暂无数据"
+  },
   "openclaw": {
     "created": "OpenClaw Agent 已创建",
     "createdDesc2": "您的 OpenClaw Agent 已注册。复制以下指令并发送给您的 OpenClaw Agent 完成配置。",
@@ -1664,14 +1724,14 @@
     "feishuPermBasicDesc": "仅聊天和消息收发",
     "feishuPermFullDesc": "包含文档、云空间、多维表格、日历、审批等全部功能",
     "feishuPermCopy": "复制",
-    "feishuPermCopied": "✓ 已复制",
+    "feishuPermCopied": "已复制",
     "slack": {
       "step1": "打开 api.slack.com/apps → 点击 Create New App → 选择 From Scratch → 填写应用名称并选择你的 Workspace → 点击 Create App",
       "step2": "左侧菜单点击 OAuth & Permissions → 向下滚动到 Scopes → 在 Bot Token Scopes 下点击 Add an OAuth Scope → 依次添加：chat:write、im:history、app_mentions:read",
       "step3": "回到 OAuth & Permissions 顶部 → 点击 Install to Workspace → 点击 Allow → 复制 Bot User OAuth Token（以 xoxb- 开头）",
       "step4": "左侧菜单 → Basic Information → 滚动到 App Credentials → 点击 Signing Secret 旁的 Show → 复制",
       "step5": "将 Bot Token 和 Signing Secret 填入上方 → 点击保存配置 → 复制出现的 Webhook URL",
-      "step6": "左侧菜单 → Event Subscriptions → 打开 Enable Events 开关 → 将 Webhook URL 粘贴到 Request URL 框中（显示 Verified ✓ 后继续）→ 在 Subscribe to bot events 下点击 Add Bot User Event，依次添加：app_mention、message.im → 点击 Save Changes",
+      "step6": "左侧菜单 → Event Subscriptions → 打开 Enable Events 开关 → 将 Webhook URL 粘贴到 Request URL 框中（显示 Verified 后继续）→ 在 Subscribe to bot events 下点击 Add Bot User Event，依次添加：app_mention、message.im → 点击 Save Changes",
       "step7": "页面顶部会出现黄色横幅：点击 reinstall your app 并重新授权",
       "step8": "在 Slack 中找到你的 Bot，发一条私信测试是否正常回复",
       "note": "服务器必须能被公网访问，Slack 才能将消息推送到 Webhook URL。"
@@ -1747,98 +1807,5 @@
       "ws_step6": "在企业微信中找到机器人，发送消息测试",
       "ws_note": "WebSocket 长连接模式无需公网 IP、回调地址或域名备案（ICP），连接由系统自动管理。"
     }
-  },
-  "identity": {
-    "title": "组织架构与账号同步",
-    "addProvider": "添加同步源",
-    "type": "类型",
-    "name": "显示名称",
-    "config": "配置 (JSON)",
-    "configExample": "配置示例",
-    "deleteConfirm": "确定删除此 OA 账号源吗？",
-    "providerHints": {
-      "feishu": "飞书：需填写 app_id, app_secret（可选：encrypt_key, verification_token）",
-      "dingtalk": "钉钉：需填写 app_key, app_secret",
-      "wecom": "企业微信：传统模式需 corp_id, secret, agent_id；智能机器人模式需 bot_id, bot_secret",
-      "oauth2": "OAuth2：填写 App ID、App Secret、授权地址、Token地址、用户信息地址",
-      "saml": "SAML：需填写 entry_point, issuer, cert (公钥)",
-      "microsoft_teams": "Microsoft Teams：需填写 client_id, client_secret, tenant_id"
-    }
-  },
-  "platformDashboard": {
-    "timeRange": {
-      "last7Days": "最近 7 天",
-      "last30Days": "最近 30 天"
-    },
-    "metrics": {
-      "avgTokensPerSession": {
-        "label": "平均 Token / 会话",
-        "tooltip": "最近 30 天内每个聊天会话的平均 Token 消耗。计算方式：总 Token 数 / 总会话数。"
-      },
-      "retention7Day": {
-        "label": "7 天留存率",
-        "tooltip": "上周活跃且本周仍然活跃的成熟公司（>14 天）的百分比。",
-        "tooltipWithCount": "上周活跃且本周仍然活跃的成熟公司（>14 天）的百分比。{{retained}} / {{total}} 家公司留存。"
-      }
-    },
-    "charts": {
-      "legend": {
-        "cumulative": "累计",
-        "new": "新增",
-        "dau": "DAU",
-        "wau": "WAU",
-        "mau": "MAU",
-        "enabled": "已启用"
-      },
-      "companies": {
-        "title": "公司数量",
-        "tooltip": "累计和每日新增公司注册数"
-      },
-      "users": {
-        "title": "用户数量",
-        "tooltip": "累计和每日新增用户注册数"
-      },
-      "tokenUsage": {
-        "title": "Token 使用量",
-        "tooltip": "所有数字员工的累计和每日 Token 消耗"
-      },
-      "dailySessions": {
-        "title": "每日会话数",
-        "tooltip": "每日新增聊天会话数和累计总数"
-      },
-      "activeUsers": {
-        "title": "活跃用户",
-        "tooltip": "DAU：当天发送至少 1 条消息的不同用户数。WAU：滚动 7 天窗口内的不同活跃用户数。MAU：滚动 30 天窗口内的不同活跃用户数。"
-      },
-      "channelDistribution": {
-        "title": "渠道分布",
-        "tooltip": "最近 30 天内各来源渠道的聊天会话分布"
-      },
-      "toolCategories": {
-        "title": "前 10 工具类别",
-        "tooltip": "所有活跃数字员工配置中最受欢迎的工具类别"
-      }
-    },
-    "churn": {
-      "title": "流失预警",
-      "tooltip": "Token 消耗超过 1000 万但过去 14 天无活动的公司",
-      "company": "公司",
-      "totalTokens": "总 Token 数",
-      "lastActive": "最后活跃",
-      "daysInactive": "未活跃天数",
-      "noWarnings": "无流失预警 — 所有活跃公司状态健康"
-    },
-    "leaderboards": {
-      "topCompanies": {
-        "title": "Token 消耗前 20 公司",
-        "tooltip": "按所有数字员工累计 Token 消耗排名的公司"
-      },
-      "topAgents": {
-        "title": "Token 消耗前 20 数字员工",
-        "tooltip": "按累计 Token 消耗排名的数字员工"
-      }
-    },
-    "loading": "加载中...",
-    "noData": "暂无数据"
   }
-}
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/frontend/src/pages/AdminCompanies.tsx b/frontend/src/pages/AdminCompanies.tsx
index 884b0f62..e3769331 100644
--- a/frontend/src/pages/AdminCompanies.tsx
+++ b/frontend/src/pages/AdminCompanies.tsx
@@ -184,7 +184,9 @@ function PlatformTab() {
         // Load email templates
         fetchJson<any>('/enterprise/email-templates')
             .then(d => {
-                if (d.templates) setEmailTemplates(d.templates);
+                if (d.defaults && d.templates) {
+                    setEmailTemplates({ ...d.defaults, ...d.templates });
+                }
                 if (d.variables) setEmailTemplateVars(d.variables);
                 if (d.defaults) setEmailTemplateDefaults(d.defaults);
             })
@@ -196,7 +198,7 @@ function PlatformTab() {
         try {
             await adminApi.updatePlatformSettings({ [key]: value });
             setSettings((s: any) => ({ ...s, [key]: value }));
-            showToast('Setting updated');
+            showToast(t('admin.settingUpdated', 'Setting updated'));
         } catch (e: any) {
             showToast(e.message || 'Failed', 'error');
         }
@@ -773,17 +775,17 @@ function CompaniesTab() {
 
     const columns: { key: SortKey; label: string; flex: string }[] = [
         { key: 'name', label: t('admin.company', 'Company'), flex: '2fr' },
-        { key: 'sso_enabled', label: 'SSO', flex: '100px' },
-        { key: 'org_admin_email', label: t('admin.orgAdmin', 'Admin Email'), flex: '1.5fr' },
+        { key: 'sso_enabled', label: t('admin.sso', 'SSO'), flex: '100px' },
+        { key: 'org_admin_email', label: t('admin.orgAdmin', 'Admin Email'), flex: '2fr' },
         { key: 'user_count', label: t('admin.users', 'Users'), flex: '70px' },
-        { key: 'agent_count', label: t('admin.agents', 'Agents'), flex: '70px' },
-        { key: 'total_tokens', label: t('admin.tokens', 'Token Usage'), flex: '100px' },
+        { key: 'agent_count', label: t('admin.agents', 'Agents'), flex: '100px' },
+        { key: 'total_tokens', label: t('admin.tokens', 'Token Usage'), flex: '120px' },
         { key: 'created_at', label: t('admin.createdAt', 'Created'), flex: '100px' },
-        { key: 'is_active', label: t('admin.status', 'Status'), flex: '100px' },
     ];
+    const statusColFlex = '100px';
     const actionColFlex = '80px';
 
-    const gridCols = columns.map(c => c.flex).join(' ') + ' ' + actionColFlex;
+    const gridCols = columns.map(c => c.flex).join(' ') + ' ' + statusColFlex + ' ' + actionColFlex;
 
     return (
         <div style={{ display: 'flex', flexDirection: 'column', flex: 1, minHeight: 0 }}>
diff --git a/frontend/src/pages/AgentCreate.tsx b/frontend/src/pages/AgentCreate.tsx
index 8816eb9a..0f9d2f6d 100644
--- a/frontend/src/pages/AgentCreate.tsx
+++ b/frontend/src/pages/AgentCreate.tsx
@@ -358,8 +358,8 @@ For humans, the message is delivered via their available channel (e.g. Feishu).`
                                         className="btn btn-ghost"
                                         style={{ position: 'absolute', top: '4px', right: '4px', fontSize: '11px', minWidth: '60px' }}
                                         textToCopy={`Please create a skill file at skills/clawith_sync.md with the following content, then add "Check Clawith inbox using the clawith_sync skill and process any pending messages" to your HEARTBEAT.md:\n\n---\nname: clawith_sync\ndescription: Sync with Clawith platform — check inbox, submit results, and send messages.\n---\n\n# Clawith Sync\n\n## When to use\nCheck for new messages from the Clawith platform during every heartbeat cycle.\nYou can also proactively send messages to people and agents in your relationships.\n\n## Instructions\n\n### 1. Check inbox\nMake an HTTP GET request:\n- URL: ${window.location.origin}/api/gateway/poll\n- Header: X-Api-Key: ${createdApiKey}\n\nThe response contains a \`messages\` array. Each message includes:\n- \`id\` — unique message ID (use this for reporting)\n- \`content\` — the message text\n- \`sender_user_name\` — name of the Clawith user who sent it\n- \`sender_user_id\` — unique ID of the sender\n- \`conversation_id\` — the conversation this message belongs to\n- \`history\` — array of previous messages in this conversation for context\n\nThe response also contains a \`relationships\` array describing your colleagues:\n- \`name\` — the person or agent name\n- \`type\` — "human" or "agent"\n- \`role\` — relationship type (e.g. collaborator, supervisor)\n- \`channels\` — available communication channels (e.g. ["feishu"], ["agent"])\n\n**IMPORTANT**: Use the \`history\` array to understand conversation context before replying.\nDifferent \`sender_user_name\` values mean different people — address them accordingly.\n\n### 2. Report results\nFor each completed message, make an HTTP POST request:\n- URL: ${window.location.origin}/api/gateway/report\n- Header: X-Api-Key: ${createdApiKey}\n- Header: Content-Type: application/json\n- Body: {"message_id": "<id from the message>", "result": "<your response>"}\n\n### 3. Send a message to someone\nTo proactively contact a person or agent, make an HTTP POST request:\n- URL: ${window.location.origin}/api/gateway/send-message\n- Header: X-Api-Key: ${createdApiKey}\n- Header: Content-Type: application/json\n- Body: {"target": "<name of person or agent>", "content": "<your message>"}\n\nThe system auto-detects the best channel. For agents, the reply appears in your next poll.\nFor humans, the message is delivered via their available channel (e.g. Feishu).`}
-                                        label={t('common.copy', 'Copy')}
-                                        copiedLabel="Copied"
+                                        label={t('common.copy')}
+                                        copiedLabel={t('common.copied')}
                                     />
                                 </div>
                     </div>
@@ -380,8 +380,8 @@ For humans, the message is delivered via their available channel (e.g. Feishu).`
                                     className="btn btn-secondary"
                                     style={{ fontSize: '11px', padding: '4px 12px', minWidth: '70px', height: 'fit-content' }}
                                     textToCopy={createdApiKey}
-                                    label={t('common.copy', 'Copy')}
-                                    copiedLabel="Copied"
+                                    label={t('common.copy')}
+                                    copiedLabel={t('common.copied')}
                                 />
                             </div>
                             <p style={{ fontSize: '11px', color: 'var(--text-tertiary)', marginTop: '6px' }}>
@@ -461,7 +461,7 @@ For humans, the message is delivered via their available channel (e.g. Feishu).`
                     </p>
 
                     <div className="form-group">
-                        <label className="form-label">{t('agent.fields.name')} *</label>
+                        <label className="form-label">{t('agent.fields.name')} <span style={{ color: 'var(--error)' }}>*</span></label>
                         <input className={`form-input${fieldErrors.name ? ' input-error' : ''}`} value={form.name}
                             onChange={(e) => { setForm({ ...form, name: e.target.value }); clearFieldError('name'); }}
                             placeholder={t('openclaw.namePlaceholder', 'e.g. My OpenClaw Bot')} autoFocus />
@@ -569,14 +569,16 @@ For humans, the message is delivered via their available channel (e.g. Feishu).`
                                         <div
                                             key={tmpl.id}
                                             onClick={() => {
-                                                // Parse soul_template to extract personality and boundaries
-                                                const sections = parseSoulTemplate(tmpl.soul_template, ['Personality', 'Boundaries']);
+                                                const templateData = t(`wizard.templates.templateData.${tmpl.name}`, { returnObjects: true }) as any;
+                                                const description = templateData?.description || tmpl.description;
+                                                const personality = templateData?.personality || '';
+                                                const boundaries = templateData?.boundaries || '';
                                                 setForm({
                                                     ...form,
                                                     template_id: tmpl.id,
-                                                    role_description: tmpl.description,
-                                                    personality: sections.personality || '',
-                                                    boundaries: sections.boundaries || '',
+                                                    role_description: description,
+                                                    personality: personality,
+                                                    boundaries: boundaries,
                                                 });
                                             }}
                                             style={{
@@ -714,6 +716,8 @@ For humans, the message is delivered via their available channel (e.g. Feishu).`
                             {globalSkills.map((skill: any) => {
                                 const isDefault = skill.is_default;
                                 const isChecked = form.skill_ids.includes(skill.id);
+                                const skillName = String(t(`wizard.step3.skills.${skill.name}.name`, skill.name));
+                                const skillDesc = String(t(`wizard.step3.skills.${skill.name}.description`, skill.description));
                                 return (
                                     <label key={skill.id} style={{
                                         display: 'flex', alignItems: 'center', gap: '12px', padding: '12px',
@@ -737,16 +741,16 @@ For humans, the message is delivered via their available channel (e.g. Feishu).`
                                         <div style={{ fontSize: '18px' }}>{skill.icon}</div>
                                         <div style={{ flex: 1 }}>
                                             <div style={{ display: 'flex', alignItems: 'center', gap: '6px' }}>
-                                                <span style={{ fontWeight: 500, fontSize: '13px' }}>{skill.name}</span>
-                                                {isDefault && <span style={{ fontSize: '10px', padding: '1px 6px', borderRadius: '4px', background: 'var(--accent-primary)', color: '#fff', fontWeight: 500 }}>Required</span>}
+                                                <span style={{ fontWeight: 500, fontSize: '13px' }}>{skillName}</span>
+                                                {isDefault && <span style={{ fontSize: '10px', padding: '1px 6px', borderRadius: '4px', background: 'var(--accent-primary)', color: '#fff', fontWeight: 500 }}>{t('wizard.step3.required')}</span>}
                                             </div>
-                                            <div style={{ fontSize: '11px', color: 'var(--text-tertiary)' }}>{skill.description}</div>
+                                            <div style={{ fontSize: '11px', color: 'var(--text-tertiary)' }}>{skillDesc}</div>
                                         </div>
                                     </label>);
                             })}
                             {globalSkills.length === 0 && (
                                 <div style={{ padding: '16px', background: 'var(--bg-elevated)', borderRadius: '8px', fontSize: '13px', color: 'var(--text-tertiary)', textAlign: 'center' }}>
-                                    No skills available. Add skills in Company Settings.
+                                    {t('wizard.step3.noSkills')}
                                 </div>
                             )}
                         </div>
diff --git a/frontend/src/pages/AgentDetail.tsx b/frontend/src/pages/AgentDetail.tsx
index a1d40390..c9af5c15 100644
--- a/frontend/src/pages/AgentDetail.tsx
+++ b/frontend/src/pages/AgentDetail.tsx
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ import React, { useState, useEffect, useMemo, useRef, Component, ErrorInfo } fro
 import { useParams, useNavigate, useLocation } from 'react-router-dom';
 import { useQuery, useMutation, useQueryClient } from '@tanstack/react-query';
 import { useTranslation } from 'react-i18next';
+import i18n from 'i18next';
 
 import ConfirmModal from '../components/ConfirmModal';
 import type { FileBrowserApi } from '../components/FileBrowser';
@@ -214,7 +215,7 @@ function ToolsManager({ agentId, canManage = false }: { agentId: string; canMana
                 setConfigTool(null);
             }
             loadTools();
-        } catch (e) { alert('Save failed: ' + e); }
+        } catch (e) { alert(t('agent.tools.saveFailed') + ': ' + e); }
         setConfigSaving(false);
     };
 
@@ -243,11 +244,11 @@ function ToolsManager({ agentId, canManage = false }: { agentId: string; canMana
                             <button
                                 onClick={() => openCategoryConfig(category)}
                                 style={{ background: 'none', border: '1px solid var(--border-subtle)', borderRadius: '6px', padding: '3px 8px', fontSize: '11px', cursor: 'pointer', color: 'var(--text-secondary)' }}
-                                title={`Configure ${category}`}
-                            >⚙️ Config</button>
+                                title={t('agent.tools.configureCategory', { category: getCategoryLabels(t)[category] || category })}
+                            >{t('agent.tools.config')}</button>
                         )}
                         {canManage && (
-                            <label style={{ position: 'relative', display: 'inline-block', width: '40px', height: '22px', cursor: 'pointer', flexShrink: 0 }} title={`Enable/Disable all ${getCategoryLabels(t)[category] || category} tools`}>
+                            <label style={{ position: 'relative', display: 'inline-block', width: '40px', height: '22px', cursor: 'pointer', flexShrink: 0 }} title={t('agent.tools.enableDisableAll', { category: getCategoryLabels(t)[category] || category })}>
                                 <input type="checkbox"
                                     checked={(catTools as any[]).every(t => t.enabled)}
                                     onChange={async (e) => {
@@ -281,25 +282,30 @@ function ToolsManager({ agentId, canManage = false }: { agentId: string; canMana
                         const hasConfig = tool.config_schema?.fields?.length > 0 || tool.type === 'mcp';
                         const hasAgentOverride = tool.agent_config && Object.keys(tool.agent_config).length > 0;
                         const isGlobalCategoryConfig = category === 'agentbay' && tool.name === 'agentbay_browser_navigate';
+                        const toolDisplayName = String(t(`enterprise.tools.toolNames.${tool.name}`, tool.display_name));
+                        const toolDescription = String(t(`enterprise.tools.toolDescriptions.${tool.name}`, tool.description));
                         return (
                             <div key={tool.id} className="card" style={{ display: 'flex', alignItems: 'center', justifyContent: 'space-between', padding: '10px 14px' }}>
                                 <div style={{ display: 'flex', alignItems: 'center', gap: '10px', flex: 1, minWidth: 0 }}>
                                     <span style={{ fontSize: '18px' }}>{tool.icon}</span>
                                     <div style={{ minWidth: 0 }}>
                                         <div style={{ display: 'flex', alignItems: 'center', gap: '6px' }}>
-                                            <span style={{ fontWeight: 500, fontSize: '13px' }}>{tool.display_name}</span>
+                                            <span style={{ fontWeight: 500, fontSize: '13px' }}>{toolDisplayName}</span>
                                             {tool.type === 'mcp' && (
                                                 <span style={{ fontSize: '10px', background: 'var(--primary)', color: '#fff', borderRadius: '4px', padding: '1px 5px' }}>MCP</span>
                                             )}
                                             {tool.type === 'builtin' && (
-                                                <span style={{ fontSize: '10px', background: 'var(--bg-tertiary)', color: 'var(--text-secondary)', borderRadius: '4px', padding: '1px 5px' }}>Built-in</span>
+                                                <span style={{ fontSize: '10px', background: 'var(--bg-tertiary)', color: 'var(--text-secondary)', borderRadius: '4px', padding: '1px 5px' }}>{t('enterprise.tools.builtIn', 'Built-in')}</span>
+                                            )}
+                                            {tool.is_default && (
+                                                <span style={{ fontSize: '10px', background: 'rgba(0,200,100,0.15)', color: 'var(--success)', borderRadius: '4px', padding: '1px 5px' }}>{t('enterprise.tools.default')}</span>
                                             )}
                                             {hasAgentOverride && (
                                                 <span style={{ fontSize: '10px', background: 'rgba(99,102,241,0.15)', color: 'var(--accent-color)', borderRadius: '4px', padding: '1px 5px' }}>{t('enterprise.tools.configured', 'Configured')}</span>
                                             )}
                                         </div>
                                         <div style={{ fontSize: '11px', color: 'var(--text-tertiary)', overflow: 'hidden', textOverflow: 'ellipsis', whiteSpace: 'nowrap' }}>
-                                            {tool.description}
+                                            {toolDescription}
                                             {tool.mcp_server_name && <span> · {tool.mcp_server_name}</span>}
                                         </div>
                                     </div>
@@ -309,13 +315,13 @@ function ToolsManager({ agentId, canManage = false }: { agentId: string; canMana
                                         <button
                                             onClick={() => openConfig(tool)}
                                             style={{ background: 'none', border: '1px solid var(--border-subtle)', borderRadius: '6px', padding: '3px 8px', fontSize: '11px', cursor: 'pointer', color: 'var(--text-secondary)' }}
-                                            title="Configure per-agent settings"
-                                        >⚙️ Config</button>
+                                            title={t('agent.tools.configurePerAgent')}
+                                        >{t('agent.tools.config')}</button>
                                     )}
                                     {canManage && tool.source === 'agent' && tool.agent_tool_id && (
                                         <button
                                             onClick={async () => {
-                                                if (!confirm(t('agent.tools.confirmDelete', `Remove "${tool.display_name}" from this agent?`))) return;
+                                                if (!confirm(t('agent.tools.confirmDelete', { name: tool.display_name }))) return;
                                                 setDeletingToolId(tool.id);
                                                 try {
                                                     const token = localStorage.getItem('token');
@@ -324,13 +330,13 @@ function ToolsManager({ agentId, canManage = false }: { agentId: string; canMana
                                                         headers: { Authorization: `Bearer ${token}` },
                                                     });
                                                     if (res.ok) await loadTools();
-                                                    else alert('Delete failed');
-                                                } catch (e) { alert('Delete failed: ' + e); }
+                                                    else alert(t('agent.tools.deleteFailed'));
+                                                } catch (e) { alert(t('agent.tools.deleteFailed') + ': ' + e); }
                                                 setDeletingToolId(null);
                                             }}
                                             disabled={deletingToolId === tool.id}
                                             style={{ background: 'none', border: '1px solid var(--border-subtle)', borderRadius: '6px', padding: '3px 8px', fontSize: '11px', cursor: 'pointer', color: 'var(--text-tertiary)', opacity: deletingToolId === tool.id ? 0.5 : 1 }}
-                                            title={t('agent.tools.removeTool', 'Remove from agent')}
+                                            title={t('agent.tools.removeTool')}
                                         >{deletingToolId === tool.id ? '...' : '✕'}</button>
                                     )}
                                     {canManage ? (
@@ -426,7 +432,7 @@ function ToolsManager({ agentId, canManage = false }: { agentId: string; canMana
                             <div style={{ display: 'flex', justifyContent: 'space-between', alignItems: 'center', marginBottom: '16px' }}>
                                 <div>
                                     <h3 style={{ margin: 0 }}>⚙️ {title}</h3>
-                                    <div style={{ fontSize: '11px', color: 'var(--text-tertiary)', marginTop: '2px' }}>{isCat ? 'Shared category configuration (affects all tools in this category)' : 'Per-agent configuration (overrides global defaults)'}</div>
+                                    <div style={{ fontSize: '11px', color: 'var(--text-tertiary)', marginTop: '2px' }}>{isCat ? t('agent.tools.sharedCategoryConfig') : t('agent.tools.perAgentConfig')}</div>
                                 </div>
                                 <button onClick={() => { setConfigTool(null); setConfigCategory(null); }} style={{ background: 'none', border: 'none', fontSize: '18px', cursor: 'pointer', color: 'var(--text-secondary)' }}>✕</button>
                             </div>
@@ -450,14 +456,14 @@ function ToolsManager({ agentId, canManage = false }: { agentId: string; canMana
                                                 <div key={field.key}>
                                                     <label style={{ display: 'block', fontSize: '12px', fontWeight: 500, marginBottom: '4px' }}>
                                                         {field.label}
-                                                        {isReadOnly && <span style={{ fontWeight: 400, color: 'var(--text-tertiary)', marginLeft: '4px' }}>(Admin only)</span>}
+                                                        {isReadOnly && <span style={{ fontWeight: 400, color: 'var(--text-tertiary)', marginLeft: '4px' }}>{t('agent.tools.adminOnly')}</span>}
                                                         {/* Show company-configured value as a hint in the label */}
                                                         {(() => {
                                                             const globalVal = configTool?.global_config?.[field.key] ?? configGlobalData?.[field.key];
                                                             if (!globalVal) return null;
                                                             return (
                                                                 <span style={{ fontWeight: 400, color: 'var(--accent-primary)', marginLeft: '4px', fontSize: '11px' }}>
-                                                                    (company: {String(globalVal).slice(0, 20)}{String(globalVal).length > 20 ? '\u2026' : ''})
+                                                                    {t('agent.tools.company', { val: String(globalVal).slice(0, 20) + (String(globalVal).length > 20 ? '\u2026' : '') })}
                                                                 </span>
                                                             );
                                                         })()}
@@ -496,7 +502,7 @@ function ToolsManager({ agentId, canManage = false }: { agentId: string; canMana
                                                                         style={{ display: 'flex', alignItems: 'center', gap: '8px', cursor: 'text', background: 'var(--bg-tertiary)', borderColor: 'var(--border)', overflow: 'hidden' }}
                                                                         onClick={() => setFocusedField(field.key)}
                                                                     >
-                                                                        <span style={{ flex: 1, color: 'var(--text-tertiary)', fontSize: '13px', overflow: 'hidden', textOverflow: 'ellipsis', whiteSpace: 'nowrap' }}>{t('agent.tools.usingCompanyKey', 'Using company key ({{val}})', { val: globalVal })}</span>
+                                                                        <span style={{ flex: 1, color: 'var(--text-tertiary)', fontSize: '13px', overflow: 'hidden', textOverflow: 'ellipsis', whiteSpace: 'nowrap' }}>{t('agent.tools.usingCompanyKey', { val: globalVal })}</span>
                                                                         <span style={{ fontSize: '12px', color: 'var(--accent-primary)', flexShrink: 0, cursor: 'pointer' }}>{t('common.edit', 'Edit')}</span>
                                                                     </div>
                                                                 );
@@ -506,7 +512,7 @@ function ToolsManager({ agentId, canManage = false }: { agentId: string; canMana
                                                                 <input type="password" autoComplete="new-password" className="form-input"
                                                                     autoFocus={focusedField === field.key}
                                                                     value={configData[field.key] ?? ''}
-                                                                    placeholder={globalVal ? t('agent.tools.usingCompanyKey', 'Using company key ({{val}})', { val: globalVal }) : (field.placeholder || t('admin.leaveBlankDefault', 'Leave blank to use global default'))}
+                                                                    placeholder={globalVal ? t('agent.tools.usingCompanyKey', { val: globalVal }) : (field.placeholder || t('agent.tools.leaveBlankDefault'))}
                                                                     onBlur={(e) => {
                                                                         if (!e.target.value) setFocusedField(null);
                                                                     }}
@@ -523,7 +529,7 @@ function ToolsManager({ agentId, canManage = false }: { agentId: string; canMana
                                                                 <div style={{ fontSize: '11px', color: 'var(--text-tertiary)', marginTop: '4px', lineHeight: '1.5' }}>
                                                                     {providerOption.help_text}
                                                                     {providerOption.help_url && (
-                                                                        <> &middot; <a href={providerOption.help_url} target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" style={{ color: 'var(--accent-primary)', textDecoration: 'none' }}>Setup guide</a></>
+                                                                        <> &middot; <a href={providerOption.help_url} target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" style={{ color: 'var(--accent-primary)', textDecoration: 'none' }}>{t('agent.tools.setupGuide')}</a></>
                                                                     )}
                                                                 </div>
                                                             );
@@ -550,7 +556,7 @@ function ToolsManager({ agentId, canManage = false }: { agentId: string; canMana
                                                                         style={{ display: 'flex', alignItems: 'center', gap: '8px', cursor: 'text', background: 'var(--bg-tertiary)', borderColor: 'var(--border)', overflow: 'hidden' }}
                                                                         onClick={() => setFocusedField(field.key)}
                                                                     >
-                                                                        <span style={{ flex: 1, color: 'var(--text-tertiary)', fontSize: '13px', overflow: 'hidden', textOverflow: 'ellipsis', whiteSpace: 'nowrap' }}>{t('agent.tools.usingCompanyConfig', 'Using company config ({{val}})', { val: globalVal })}</span>
+                                                                        <span style={{ flex: 1, color: 'var(--text-tertiary)', fontSize: '13px', overflow: 'hidden', textOverflow: 'ellipsis', whiteSpace: 'nowrap' }}>{t('agent.tools.usingCompanyConfig', { val: globalVal })}</span>
                                                                         <span style={{ fontSize: '12px', color: 'var(--accent-primary)', flexShrink: 0, cursor: 'pointer' }}>{t('common.edit', 'Edit')}</span>
                                                                     </div>
                                                                 );
@@ -560,7 +566,7 @@ function ToolsManager({ agentId, canManage = false }: { agentId: string; canMana
                                                                 <input type="text" className="form-input"
                                                                     autoFocus={focusedField === field.key}
                                                                     value={configData[field.key] ?? ''}
-                                                                    placeholder={globalVal ? t('agent.tools.usingCompanyConfig', 'Using company config ({{val}})', { val: globalVal }) : (field.placeholder || t('admin.leaveBlankDefault', 'Leave blank to use global default'))}
+                                                                    placeholder={globalVal ? t('agent.tools.usingCompanyConfig', { val: globalVal }) : (field.placeholder || t('agent.tools.leaveBlankDefault'))}
                                                                     onBlur={(e) => {
                                                                         if (!e.target.value) setFocusedField(null);
                                                                     }}
@@ -581,7 +587,7 @@ function ToolsManager({ agentId, canManage = false }: { agentId: string; canMana
                                                 onClick={async () => {
                                                     const btn = document.getElementById('email-test-btn');
                                                     const status = document.getElementById('email-test-status');
-                                                    if (btn) btn.textContent = 'Testing...';
+                                                    if (btn) btn.textContent = t('agent.tools.testing');
                                                     if (btn) (btn as HTMLButtonElement).disabled = true;
                                                     try {
                                                         const token = localStorage.getItem('token');
@@ -598,20 +604,20 @@ function ToolsManager({ agentId, canManage = false }: { agentId: string; canMana
                                                             status.style.color = data.ok ? 'var(--success)' : 'var(--error)';
                                                         }
                                                     } catch (e: any) {
-                                                        if (status) { status.textContent = `Error: ${e.message}`; status.style.color = 'var(--error)'; }
+                                                        if (status) { status.textContent = t('agent.tools.failed') + ': ' + e.message; status.style.color = 'var(--error)'; }
                                                     } finally {
-                                                        if (btn) { btn.textContent = 'Test Connection'; (btn as HTMLButtonElement).disabled = false; }
+                                                        if (btn) { btn.textContent = t('agent.tools.testConnection'); (btn as HTMLButtonElement).disabled = false; }
                                                     }
                                                 }}
                                                 id="email-test-btn"
-                                            >Test Connection</button>
+                                            >{t('agent.tools.testConnection')}</button>
                                             <div id="email-test-status" style={{ fontSize: '11px', whiteSpace: 'pre-line', minHeight: '16px' }}></div>
                                         </div>
                                     )}
                                 </div>
                             ) : (
                                 <div>
-                                    <label style={{ display: 'block', fontSize: '12px', fontWeight: 500, marginBottom: '4px' }}>Config JSON (Agent Override)</label>
+                                    <label style={{ display: 'block', fontSize: '12px', fontWeight: 500, marginBottom: '4px' }}>{t('agent.tools.configJson')}</label>
                                     <textarea
                                         className="form-input"
                                         value={configJson}
@@ -620,7 +626,7 @@ function ToolsManager({ agentId, canManage = false }: { agentId: string; canMana
                                         placeholder='{}'
                                     />
                                     <div style={{ fontSize: '11px', color: 'var(--text-tertiary)', marginTop: '4px' }}>
-                                        Global default: <code style={{ fontSize: '10px' }}>{JSON.stringify(configTool?.global_config || {}).slice(0, 80)}</code>
+                                        {t('agent.tools.globalDefault')} <code style={{ fontSize: '10px' }}>{JSON.stringify(configTool?.global_config || {}).slice(0, 80)}</code>
                                     </div>
                                 </div>
                             )}
@@ -631,7 +637,7 @@ function ToolsManager({ agentId, canManage = false }: { agentId: string; canMana
                                         const token = localStorage.getItem('token');
                                         await fetch(`/api/tools/agents/${agentId}/tool-config/${configTool.id}`, { method: 'PUT', headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json', Authorization: `Bearer ${token}` }, body: JSON.stringify({ config: {} }) });
                                         setConfigTool(null); loadTools();
-                                    }}>Reset to Global</button>
+                                    }}>{t('agent.tools.resetToGlobal')}</button>
                                 )}
                                 {isCat && (
                                     <button
@@ -639,7 +645,7 @@ function ToolsManager({ agentId, canManage = false }: { agentId: string; canMana
                                         style={{ marginRight: 'auto' }}
                                         onClick={async () => {
                                             const btn = document.getElementById('cat-test-btn');
-                                            if (btn) btn.textContent = 'Testing...';
+                                            if (btn) btn.textContent = t('agent.tools.testing');
                                             try {
                                                 const token = localStorage.getItem('token');
                                                 const res = await fetch(`/api/tools/agents/${agentId}/category-config/${configCategory}/test`, {
@@ -647,14 +653,14 @@ function ToolsManager({ agentId, canManage = false }: { agentId: string; canMana
                                                     headers: { Authorization: `Bearer ${token}` }
                                                 });
                                                 const data = await res.json();
-                                                alert(data.message || (data.ok ? '✅ Test successful' : '❌ Test failed: ' + data.error));
-                                            } catch (e: any) { alert('Test failed: ' + e.message); }
-                                            finally { if (btn) btn.textContent = 'Test Connection'; }
+                                                alert(data.message || (data.ok ? t('agent.tools.testSuccessful') : t('agent.tools.testFailed') + ': ' + data.error));
+                                            } catch (e: any) { alert(t('agent.tools.testFailed') + ': ' + e.message); }
+                                            finally { if (btn) btn.textContent = t('agent.tools.testConnection'); }
                                         }}
                                         id="cat-test-btn"
-                                    >Test Connection</button>
+                                    >{t('agent.tools.testConnection')}</button>
                                 )}
-                                <button className="btn btn-secondary" onClick={() => { setConfigTool(null); setConfigCategory(null); }}>Cancel</button>
+                                <button className="btn btn-secondary" onClick={() => { setConfigTool(null); setConfigCategory(null); }}>{t('common.cancel')}</button>
                                 <button className="btn btn-primary" onClick={saveConfig} disabled={configSaving}>{configSaving ? t('common.saving', 'Saving…') : t('common.save', 'Save')}</button>
                             </div>
                         </div>
@@ -691,6 +697,7 @@ const getAgentRelationOptions = getRelationOptions;
 
 /** Tiny copy button shown on hover at the bottom of message bubbles */
 function CopyMessageButton({ text }: { text: string }) {
+    const { t } = useTranslation();
     const [copied, setCopied] = React.useState(false);
     const handleCopy = (e: React.MouseEvent) => {
         e.stopPropagation();
@@ -722,7 +729,7 @@ function CopyMessageButton({ text }: { text: string }) {
     return (
         <button
             onClick={handleCopy}
-            title="Copy"
+            title={t('common.copy')}
             style={{
                 background: 'none', border: 'none', cursor: 'pointer', padding: '2px',
                 color: copied ? 'var(--accent-text)' : 'var(--text-tertiary)',
@@ -1292,7 +1299,7 @@ function RelationshipEditor({ agentId, readOnly = false }: { agentId: string; re
                     <div style={{ border: '1px solid rgba(16,185,129,0.5)', borderRadius: '8px', padding: '12px', background: 'var(--bg-elevated)' }}>
                         <div style={{ display: 'flex', gap: '8px', marginBottom: '8px' }}>
                             <select className="input" value={selectedAgentId} onChange={e => setSelectedAgentId(e.target.value)} style={{ flex: 1, minWidth: 0, fontSize: '12px' }}>
-                                <option value="">— Select Agent —</option>
+                                <option value="">{t('agent.tools.selectAgent')}</option>
                                 {availableAgents.map((a: any) => <option key={a.id} value={a.id}>{a.name} — {a.role_description || 'Agent'}</option>)}
                             </select>
                             <select className="input" value={agentRelation} onChange={e => setAgentRelation(e.target.value)} style={{ width: '150px', flexShrink: 0, fontSize: '12px' }}>
@@ -1688,11 +1695,11 @@ function AgentDetailInner() {
             } else {
                 const err = await res.json().catch(() => ({ detail: `HTTP ${res.status}` }));
                 console.error('Failed to create session:', err);
-                alert(`Failed to create session: ${err.detail || res.status}`);
+                alert(`${t('agent.tools.failedToCreateSession')}: ${err.detail || res.status}`);
             }
         } catch (err: any) {
             console.error('Failed to create session:', err);
-            alert(`Failed to create session: ${err.message || err}`);
+            alert(`${t('agent.tools.failedToCreateSession')}: ${err.message || err}`);
         }
     };
 
@@ -1749,7 +1756,7 @@ function AgentDetailInner() {
             });
             queryClient.invalidateQueries({ queryKey: ['agent', id] });
             setShowExpiryModal(false);
-        } catch (e) { alert('Failed: ' + e); }
+        } catch (e) { alert(t('agent.tools.failed') + ': ' + e); }
         setExpirySaving(false);
     };
     interface ChatMsg { role: 'user' | 'assistant' | 'tool_call'; content: string; fileName?: string; toolName?: string; toolArgs?: any; toolStatus?: 'running' | 'done'; toolResult?: string; thinking?: string; imageUrl?: string; timestamp?: string; }
@@ -2570,7 +2577,7 @@ function AgentDetailInner() {
 
 
     const CopyBtn = ({ url }: { url: string }) => (
-        <button title="Copy" style={{ display: 'inline-flex', alignItems: 'center', justifyContent: 'center', marginLeft: '6px', padding: '1px 4px', cursor: 'pointer', borderRadius: '3px', border: '1px solid var(--border-color)', background: 'var(--bg-primary)', color: 'var(--text-secondary)', verticalAlign: 'middle', lineHeight: 1 }}
+        <button title={t('common.copy')} style={{ display: 'inline-flex', alignItems: 'center', justifyContent: 'center', marginLeft: '6px', padding: '1px 4px', cursor: 'pointer', borderRadius: '3px', border: '1px solid var(--border-color)', background: 'var(--bg-primary)', color: 'var(--text-secondary)', verticalAlign: 'middle', lineHeight: 1 }}
             onClick={() => copyToClipboard(url).then(() => { })}>
             <svg width="12" height="12" viewBox="0 0 16 16" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" strokeWidth="1.8" strokeLinecap="round" strokeLinejoin="round">
                 <rect x="4" y="4" width="9" height="11" rx="1.5" /><path d="M3 11H2a1 1 0 01-1-1V2a1 1 0 011-1h8a1 1 0 011 1v1" />
@@ -2733,7 +2740,7 @@ function AgentDetailInner() {
                                     </span>
                                 )}
                                 {(agent as any).is_expired && (
-                                    <span style={{ background: 'var(--error)', color: '#fff', padding: '2px 8px', borderRadius: '4px', fontSize: '11px', fontWeight: 600 }}>Expired</span>
+                                    <span style={{ background: 'var(--error)', color: '#fff', padding: '2px 8px', borderRadius: '4px', fontSize: '11px', fontWeight: 600 }}>{t('agent.tools.expired')}</span>
                                 )}
                                 {(agent as any).agent_type === 'openclaw' && (
                                     <span style={{
@@ -3736,26 +3743,26 @@ function AgentDetailInner() {
                                                 style={{ fontSize: '13px' }}
                                                 onClick={() => { setShowAgentUrlImport(true); setAgentUrlInput(''); }}
                                             >
-                                                Import from URL
+                                                {t('agent.tools.importFromUrl')}
                                             </button>
                                             <button
                                                 className="btn btn-secondary"
                                                 style={{ fontSize: '13px' }}
                                                 onClick={() => { setShowAgentClawhub(true); setAgentClawhubQuery(''); setAgentClawhubResults([]); }}
                                             >
-                                                Browse ClawHub
+                                                {t('agent.tools.browseClawhub')}
                                             </button>
                                             <button
                                                 className="btn btn-primary"
                                                 style={{ display: 'flex', alignItems: 'center', gap: '6px', whiteSpace: 'nowrap' }}
                                                 onClick={() => setShowImportSkillModal(true)}
                                             >
-                                                Import from Presets
+                                                {t('agent.tools.importFromPresets')}
                                             </button>
                                         </div>
                                     </div>
                                     <div style={{ marginTop: '8px', padding: '10px 14px', background: 'var(--bg-secondary)', borderRadius: '8px', fontSize: '12px', color: 'var(--text-secondary)', lineHeight: 1.6 }}>
-                                        <strong>Skill Format:</strong><br />
+                                        <strong>{t('agent.skills.skillFormat')}</strong><br />
                                         • <code>skills/my-skill/SKILL.md</code> — {t('agent.skills.folderFormat', 'Each skill is a folder with a SKILL.md file and optional auxiliary files (scripts/, examples/)')}
                                     </div>
                                 </div>
@@ -3766,16 +3773,16 @@ function AgentDetailInner() {
                                     <div style={{ position: 'fixed', top: 0, left: 0, right: 0, bottom: 0, background: 'rgba(0,0,0,0.5)', zIndex: 1000, display: 'flex', alignItems: 'center', justifyContent: 'center' }} onClick={() => setShowAgentClawhub(false)}>
                                         <div onClick={e => e.stopPropagation()} style={{ background: 'var(--bg-primary)', borderRadius: '12px', padding: '24px', maxWidth: '600px', width: '90%', maxHeight: '70vh', display: 'flex', flexDirection: 'column', boxShadow: '0 20px 60px rgba(0,0,0,0.3)' }}>
                                             <div style={{ display: 'flex', justifyContent: 'space-between', alignItems: 'center', marginBottom: '12px' }}>
-                                                <h3>Browse ClawHub</h3>
+                                                <h3>{t('agent.tools.browseClawhubTitle')}</h3>
                                                 <button onClick={() => setShowAgentClawhub(false)} style={{ background: 'none', border: 'none', fontSize: '18px', cursor: 'pointer', color: 'var(--text-secondary)', padding: '4px 8px' }}>x</button>
                                             </div>
                                             <p style={{ fontSize: '13px', color: 'var(--text-secondary)', margin: '0 0 12px' }}>
-                                                Search and install skills from ClawHub directly into this agent's workspace.
+                                                {t('agent.tools.browseClawhubDesc')}
                                             </p>
                                             <div style={{ display: 'flex', gap: '8px', marginBottom: '16px' }}>
                                                 <input
                                                     className="input"
-                                                    placeholder="Search skills..."
+                                                    placeholder={t('agent.tools.searchSkills')}
                                                     value={agentClawhubQuery}
                                                     onChange={e => setAgentClawhubQuery(e.target.value)}
                                                     onKeyDown={e => {
@@ -3795,12 +3802,12 @@ function AgentDetailInner() {
                                                         skillApi.clawhub.search(agentClawhubQuery).then(r => { setAgentClawhubResults(r); setAgentClawhubSearching(false); }).catch(() => setAgentClawhubSearching(false));
                                                     }}
                                                 >
-                                                    {agentClawhubSearching ? 'Searching...' : 'Search'}
+                                                    {agentClawhubSearching ? t('common.searching', 'Searching...') : t('common.search')}
                                                 </button>
                                             </div>
                                             <div style={{ flex: 1, overflowY: 'auto' }}>
                                                 {agentClawhubResults.length === 0 && !agentClawhubSearching && (
-                                                    <div style={{ textAlign: 'center', padding: '24px', color: 'var(--text-tertiary)', fontSize: '13px' }}>Search ClawHub to find skills</div>
+                                                    <div style={{ textAlign: 'center', padding: '24px', color: 'var(--text-tertiary)', fontSize: '13px' }}>{t('agent.tools.searchClawhubHint', 'Search ClawHub to find skills')}</div>
                                                 )}
                                                 {agentClawhubResults.map((r: any) => (
                                                     <div key={r.slug} style={{ display: 'flex', alignItems: 'center', justifyContent: 'space-between', padding: '10px 12px', borderRadius: '8px', marginBottom: '6px', border: '1px solid var(--border-subtle)', background: 'var(--bg-secondary)' }}>
@@ -3820,16 +3827,16 @@ function AgentDetailInner() {
                                                                 setAgentClawhubInstalling(r.slug);
                                                                 try {
                                                                     const res = await skillApi.agentImport.fromClawhub(id!, r.slug);
-                                                                    alert(`Installed "${r.displayName || r.slug}" (${res.files_written} files)`);
+                                                                    alert(t('agent.tools.installedSuccess', { name: r.displayName || r.slug, count: res.files_written }));
                                                                     queryClient.invalidateQueries({ queryKey: ['files', id, 'skills'] });
                                                                 } catch (err: any) {
-                                                                    alert(`Import failed: ${err?.message || err}`);
+                                                                    alert(t('agent.tools.importFailed') + ': ' + (err?.message || err));
                                                                 } finally {
                                                                     setAgentClawhubInstalling(null);
                                                                 }
                                                             }}
                                                         >
-                                                            {agentClawhubInstalling === r.slug ? 'Installing...' : 'Install'}
+                                                            {agentClawhubInstalling === r.slug ? t('agent.tools.installing') : t('agent.tools.install')}
                                                         </button>
                                                     </div>
                                                 ))}
@@ -3843,11 +3850,11 @@ function AgentDetailInner() {
                                     <div style={{ position: 'fixed', top: 0, left: 0, right: 0, bottom: 0, background: 'rgba(0,0,0,0.5)', zIndex: 1000, display: 'flex', alignItems: 'center', justifyContent: 'center' }} onClick={() => setShowAgentUrlImport(false)}>
                                         <div onClick={e => e.stopPropagation()} style={{ background: 'var(--bg-primary)', borderRadius: '12px', padding: '24px', maxWidth: '500px', width: '90%', boxShadow: '0 20px 60px rgba(0,0,0,0.3)' }}>
                                             <div style={{ display: 'flex', justifyContent: 'space-between', alignItems: 'center', marginBottom: '12px' }}>
-                                                <h3>Import from GitHub URL</h3>
+                                                <h3>{t('agent.skills.importFromGithub')}</h3>
                                                 <button onClick={() => setShowAgentUrlImport(false)} style={{ background: 'none', border: 'none', fontSize: '18px', cursor: 'pointer', color: 'var(--text-secondary)', padding: '4px 8px' }}>x</button>
                                             </div>
                                             <p style={{ fontSize: '13px', color: 'var(--text-secondary)', margin: '0 0 12px' }}>
-                                                Paste a GitHub URL pointing to a skill directory (must contain SKILL.md).
+                                                {t('agent.skills.githubUrlDesc')}
                                             </p>
                                             <input
                                                 className="input"
@@ -3857,7 +3864,7 @@ function AgentDetailInner() {
                                                 style={{ width: '100%', fontSize: '13px', marginBottom: '12px', boxSizing: 'border-box' }}
                                             />
                                             <div style={{ display: 'flex', justifyContent: 'flex-end', gap: '8px' }}>
-                                                <button className="btn btn-secondary" onClick={() => setShowAgentUrlImport(false)}>Cancel</button>
+                                                <button className="btn btn-secondary" onClick={() => setShowAgentUrlImport(false)}>{t('common.cancel')}</button>
                                                 <button
                                                     className="btn btn-primary"
                                                     disabled={!agentUrlInput.trim() || agentUrlImporting}
@@ -3865,17 +3872,17 @@ function AgentDetailInner() {
                                                         setAgentUrlImporting(true);
                                                         try {
                                                             const res = await skillApi.agentImport.fromUrl(id!, agentUrlInput.trim());
-                                                            alert(`Imported ${res.files_written} files`);
+                                                            alert(t('agent.tools.importedFiles', { count: res.files_written }));
                                                             queryClient.invalidateQueries({ queryKey: ['files', id, 'skills'] });
                                                             setShowAgentUrlImport(false);
                                                         } catch (err: any) {
-                                                            alert(`Import failed: ${err?.message || err}`);
+                                                            alert(t('agent.tools.importFailed') + ': ' + (err?.message || err));
                                                         } finally {
                                                             setAgentUrlImporting(false);
                                                         }
                                                     }}
                                                 >
-                                                    {agentUrlImporting ? 'Importing...' : 'Import'}
+                                                    {agentUrlImporting ? t('agent.tools.importing') : t('agent.tools.import')}
                                                 </button>
                                             </div>
                                         </div>
@@ -3895,9 +3902,9 @@ function AgentDetailInner() {
                                             </p>
                                             <div style={{ flex: 1, overflowY: 'auto' }}>
                                                 {!globalSkillsForImport ? (
-                                                    <div style={{ textAlign: 'center', padding: '24px', color: 'var(--text-tertiary)' }}>Loading...</div>
+                                                    <div style={{ textAlign: 'center', padding: '24px', color: 'var(--text-tertiary)' }}>{t('common.loading')}</div>
                                                 ) : globalSkillsForImport.length === 0 ? (
-                                                    <div style={{ textAlign: 'center', padding: '24px', color: 'var(--text-tertiary)' }}>No preset skills available</div>
+                                                    <div style={{ textAlign: 'center', padding: '24px', color: 'var(--text-tertiary)' }}>{t('agent.tools.noPresetSkills')}</div>
                                                 ) : (
                                                     globalSkillsForImport.map((skill: any) => (
                                                         <div
@@ -3914,13 +3921,13 @@ function AgentDetailInner() {
                                                             <div style={{ display: 'flex', alignItems: 'center', gap: '10px', flex: 1 }}>
                                                                 <span style={{ fontSize: '20px' }}>{skill.icon || '📋'}</span>
                                                                 <div>
-                                                                    <div style={{ fontWeight: 600, fontSize: '14px' }}>{skill.name}</div>
+                                                                    <div style={{ fontWeight: 600, fontSize: '14px' }}>{String(t(`agent.skillNames.${skill.folder_name}`, skill.name))}</div>
                                                                     <div style={{ fontSize: '12px', color: 'var(--text-tertiary)', marginTop: '2px' }}>
-                                                                        {skill.description?.substring(0, 100)}{skill.description?.length > 100 ? '...' : ''}
+                                                                        {String(t(`agent.skillDescriptions.${skill.folder_name}`, skill.description || '')).substring(0, 100)}{String(t(`agent.skillDescriptions.${skill.folder_name}`, skill.description || '')).length > 100 ? '...' : ''}
                                                                     </div>
                                                                     <div style={{ fontSize: '11px', color: 'var(--text-tertiary)', marginTop: '2px' }}>
                                                                         📁 {skill.folder_name}
-                                                                        {skill.is_default && <span style={{ marginLeft: '8px', color: 'var(--accent-primary)', fontWeight: 600 }}>✓ Default</span>}
+                                                                        {skill.is_default && <span style={{ marginLeft: '8px', color: 'var(--accent-primary)', fontWeight: 600 }}>✓ {t('enterprise.tools.default')}</span>}
                                                                     </div>
                                                                 </div>
                                                             </div>
@@ -3932,17 +3939,17 @@ function AgentDetailInner() {
                                                                     setImportingSkillId(skill.id);
                                                                     try {
                                                                         const res = await fileApi.importSkill(id!, skill.id);
-                                                                        alert(`✅ Imported "${skill.name}" (${res.files_written} files)`);
+                                                                        alert(t('agent.skills.importedSuccess', { name: t(`agent.skillNames.${skill.folder_name}`, skill.name), count: res.files_written }));
                                                                         queryClient.invalidateQueries({ queryKey: ['files', id, 'skills'] });
                                                                         setShowImportSkillModal(false);
                                                                     } catch (err: any) {
-                                                                        alert(`❌ Import failed: ${err?.message || err}`);
+                                                                        alert(t('agent.skills.importFailed') + ': ' + (err?.message || err));
                                                                     } finally {
                                                                         setImportingSkillId(null);
                                                                     }
                                                                 }}
                                                             >
-                                                                {importingSkillId === skill.id ? '⏳ ...' : '⬇️ Import'}
+                                                                {importingSkillId === skill.id ? `⏳ ${t('agent.skills.importing')}` : `⬇️ ${t('agent.skills.importBtn')}`}
                                                             </button>
                                                         </div>
                                                     ))
@@ -3993,104 +4000,23 @@ function AgentDetailInner() {
                             }}
                         >
                             {/* ── Left: session sidebar ── */}
-                            <div className={`session-sidebar ${sessionListCollapsed ? 'collapsed' : ''}`} style={{ width: sessionListCollapsed ? '0px' : '220px', transition: 'width 0.2s ease', flexShrink: 0, minHeight: 0, borderRight: sessionListCollapsed ? 'none' : '1px solid var(--border-subtle)', display: 'flex', flexDirection: 'column', overflow: 'hidden' }}>
-                                {/* ── Header: title + collapse, then new session ── */}
-                                <div style={{ flexShrink: 0 }}>
-                                    <div
-                                        style={{
-                                            display: 'flex',
-                                            alignItems: 'center',
-                                            justifyContent: 'space-between',
-                                            gap: '8px',
-                                            padding: '10px 12px 8px',
-                                            minHeight: '40px',
-                                            boxSizing: 'border-box',
-                                        }}
-                                    >
-                                        <span
-                                            style={{
-                                                fontSize: '14px',
-                                                fontWeight: 600,
-                                                color: 'var(--text-primary)',
-                                                lineHeight: '1.25',
-                                                flex: 1,
-                                                minWidth: 0,
-                                            }}
-                                        >
-                                            {t('agent.chat.sessionListTitle')}
-                                        </span>
-                                        {!sessionListCollapsed && (
-                                            <button
-                                                type="button"
-                                                onClick={() => setSessionListCollapsed(true)}
-                                                className="session-sidebar-collapseBtn"
-                                                style={{
-                                                    display: 'inline-flex',
-                                                    alignItems: 'center',
-                                                    justifyContent: 'center',
-                                                    background: 'none',
-                                                    border: 'none',
-                                                    color: 'var(--text-tertiary)',
-                                                    cursor: 'pointer',
-                                                    padding: '4px',
-                                                    borderRadius: '4px',
-                                                    flexShrink: 0,
-                                                    lineHeight: 0,
-                                                }}
-                                                title={t('agent.chat.collapseSidebar')}
-                                                onMouseEnter={(e) => {
-                                                    e.currentTarget.style.background = 'var(--bg-secondary)';
-                                                }}
-                                                onMouseLeave={(e) => {
-                                                    e.currentTarget.style.background = 'none';
-                                                }}
-                                            >
-                                                <svg width="14" height="14" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" strokeWidth="2.5" strokeLinecap="round" strokeLinejoin="round" aria-hidden>
-                                                    <path d="M15 18l-6-6 6-6" />
-                                                </svg>
-                                            </button>
-                                        )}
-                                    </div>
-                                    {!canViewAllAgentChatSessions && (
-                                        <div style={{ padding: '0 12px 10px' }}>
-                                            <button
-                                                type="button"
-                                                onClick={createNewSession}
-                                                style={{
-                                                    width: '100%',
-                                                    height: '28px',
-                                                    padding: '0 10px',
-                                                    background: 'none',
-                                                    border: '1px solid var(--border-subtle)',
-                                                    borderRadius: '6px',
-                                                    cursor: 'pointer',
-                                                    fontSize: '12px',
-                                                    color: 'var(--text-secondary)',
-                                                    textAlign: 'left',
-                                                    display: 'flex',
-                                                    alignItems: 'center',
-                                                    gap: '6px',
-                                                    transition: 'all 0.15s ease',
-                                                    boxSizing: 'border-box',
-                                                }}
-                                                onMouseEnter={(e) => {
-                                                    e.currentTarget.style.background = 'var(--bg-secondary)';
-                                                    e.currentTarget.style.color = 'var(--text-primary)';
-                                                    e.currentTarget.style.borderColor = 'var(--accent-primary)';
-                                                }}
-                                                onMouseLeave={(e) => {
-                                                    e.currentTarget.style.background = 'none';
-                                                    e.currentTarget.style.color = 'var(--text-secondary)';
-                                                    e.currentTarget.style.borderColor = 'var(--border-subtle)';
-                                                }}
-                                            >
-                                                <svg width="14" height="14" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" strokeWidth="2" strokeLinecap="round" strokeLinejoin="round" aria-hidden>
-                                                    <line x1="12" y1="5" x2="12" y2="19" />
-                                                    <line x1="5" y1="12" x2="19" y2="12" />
-                                                </svg>
-                                                {t('agent.chat.newSession')}
-                                            </button>
-                                        </div>
+                            <div className={`session-sidebar ${sessionListCollapsed ? 'collapsed' : ''}`} style={{ width: sessionListCollapsed ? '0px' : '220px', transition: 'width 0.2s ease', flexShrink: 0, borderRight: sessionListCollapsed ? 'none' : '1px solid var(--border-subtle)', display: 'flex', flexDirection: 'column', overflow: 'hidden' }}>
+                                {/* Tab row */}
+                                <div style={{ display: 'flex', alignItems: 'center', padding: '10px 12px 0', gap: '4px', borderBottom: '1px solid var(--border-subtle)', position: 'relative' }}>
+                                    {!sessionListCollapsed && (
+                                        <button onClick={() => setSessionListCollapsed(true)} className="session-sidebar-collapseBtn" style={{ position: 'absolute', top: '6px', right: '4px', zIndex: 10, background: 'none', border: 'none', color: 'var(--text-tertiary)', cursor: 'pointer', padding: '4px', borderRadius: '4px' }} title={t('agent.chat.collapseSessions')} onMouseEnter={e => e.currentTarget.style.background='var(--bg-secondary)'} onMouseLeave={e => e.currentTarget.style.background='none'}>
+                                            <svg width="14" height="14" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" strokeWidth="2.5" strokeLinecap="round" strokeLinejoin="round"><path d="M15 18l-6-6 6-6"/></svg>
+                                        </button>
+                                    )}
+                                    <button onClick={() => setChatScope('mine')}
+                                        style={{ flex: 1, padding: '5px 0', background: 'none', border: 'none', cursor: 'pointer', fontSize: '12px', fontWeight: chatScope === 'mine' ? 600 : 400, color: chatScope === 'mine' ? 'var(--text-primary)' : 'var(--text-tertiary)', borderBottom: chatScope === 'mine' ? '2px solid var(--accent-primary)' : '2px solid transparent', paddingBottom: '8px' }}>
+                                        {t('agent.chat.mySessions')}
+                                    </button>
+                                    {isAdmin && (
+                                        <button onClick={() => { setChatScope('all'); fetchAllSessions(); }}
+                                            style={{ flex: 1, padding: '5px 0', background: 'none', border: 'none', cursor: 'pointer', fontSize: '12px', fontWeight: chatScope === 'all' ? 600 : 400, color: chatScope === 'all' ? 'var(--text-primary)' : 'var(--text-tertiary)', borderBottom: chatScope === 'all' ? '2px solid var(--accent-primary)' : '2px solid transparent', paddingBottom: '8px' }}>
+                                            {t('agent.chat.allUsers')}
+                                        </button>
                                     )}
                                 </div>
 
@@ -4132,46 +4058,28 @@ function AgentDetailInner() {
                                 <div style={{ flex: 1, minHeight: 0, display: 'flex', flexDirection: 'column', overflow: 'hidden' }}>
                                     {(!canViewAllAgentChatSessions || chatScope === 'mine') ? (
                                         <>
-                                            {canViewAllAgentChatSessions && (
-                                                <div style={{ padding: '0 12px 8px', flexShrink: 0 }}>
-                                                    <button
-                                                        type="button"
-                                                        onClick={createNewSession}
-                                                        style={{
-                                                            width: '100%',
-                                                            height: '28px',
-                                                            padding: '0 10px',
-                                                            background: 'none',
-                                                            border: '1px solid var(--border-subtle)',
-                                                            borderRadius: '6px',
-                                                            cursor: 'pointer',
-                                                            fontSize: '12px',
-                                                            color: 'var(--text-secondary)',
-                                                            textAlign: 'center',
-                                                            display: 'flex',
-                                                            alignItems: 'center',
-                                                            justifyContent: 'center',
-                                                            gap: '6px',
-                                                            transition: 'all 0.15s ease',
-                                                            boxSizing: 'border-box',
-                                                        }}
-                                                        onMouseEnter={(e) => {
-                                                            e.currentTarget.style.background = 'var(--bg-secondary)';
-                                                            e.currentTarget.style.color = 'var(--text-primary)';
-                                                            e.currentTarget.style.borderColor = 'var(--accent-primary)';
-                                                        }}
-                                                        onMouseLeave={(e) => {
-                                                            e.currentTarget.style.background = 'none';
-                                                            e.currentTarget.style.color = 'var(--text-secondary)';
-                                                            e.currentTarget.style.borderColor = 'var(--border-subtle)';
-                                                        }}
-                                                    >
-                                                        <svg width="14" height="14" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" strokeWidth="2" strokeLinecap="round" strokeLinejoin="round" aria-hidden>
-                                                            <line x1="12" y1="5" x2="12" y2="19" />
-                                                            <line x1="5" y1="12" x2="19" y2="12" />
-                                                        </svg>
-                                                        {t('agent.chat.newSession')}
-                                                    </button>
+                                            {/* User filter dropdown */}
+                                            <div style={{ padding: '8px 10px', borderBottom: '1px solid var(--border-subtle)' }}>
+                                                <select
+                                                    value={allUserFilter}
+                                                    onChange={e => setAllUserFilter(e.target.value)}
+                                                    style={{ width: '100%', padding: '4px 6px', fontSize: '11px', background: 'var(--bg-secondary)', border: '1px solid var(--border-subtle)', borderRadius: '5px', color: 'var(--text-primary)', cursor: 'pointer' }}
+                                                >
+                                                    <option value="">{t('agent.chat.allUsers')}</option>
+                                                    {Array.from(new Set(allSessions.map((s: any) => s.username || s.user_id))).filter(Boolean).map((u: any) => (
+                                                        <option key={u} value={u}>{u}</option>
+                                                    ))}
+                                                </select>
+                                            </div>
+                                            {/* Loading skeleton */}
+                                            {allSessionsLoading && (
+                                                <div style={{ padding: '8px 12px', display: 'flex', flexDirection: 'column', gap: '4px' }}>
+                                                    {[...Array(6)].map((_, i) => (
+                                                        <div key={i} style={{ padding: '6px 0', animation: 'pulse 1.5s ease-in-out infinite', animationDelay: `${i * 0.1}s` }}>
+                                                            <div style={{ height: '12px', width: `${70 + (i % 3) * 10}%`, background: 'var(--bg-tertiary)', borderRadius: '4px', marginBottom: '6px' }} />
+                                                            <div style={{ height: '10px', width: `${40 + (i % 4) * 8}%`, background: 'var(--bg-tertiary)', borderRadius: '3px', opacity: 0.6 }} />
+                                                        </div>
+                                                    ))}
                                                 </div>
                                             )}
                                             <div style={{ flex: 1, minHeight: 0, overflowY: 'auto', padding: '4px 0' }}>
@@ -4280,7 +4188,7 @@ function AgentDetailInner() {
                             <div className={`agent-chat-area ${ !!(liveState.desktop || liveState.browser || liveState.code) ? 'has-live-panel' : ''}`} style={{ flex: 1, display: 'flex', flexDirection: 'row', position: 'relative', minWidth: 0, overflow: 'hidden' }}>
                                 <div style={{ flex: 1, display: 'flex', flexDirection: 'column', position: 'relative', minWidth: 0, overflow: 'hidden' }}>
                                     {sessionListCollapsed && (
-                                        <button onClick={() => setSessionListCollapsed(false)} style={{ position: 'absolute', top: '12px', left: '12px', zIndex: 10, width: '28px', height: '28px', borderRadius: '6px', background: 'var(--bg-elevated)', border: '1px solid var(--border-subtle)', display: 'flex', alignItems: 'center', justifyContent: 'center', color: 'var(--text-secondary)', cursor: 'pointer' }} title="Show chat sessions" onMouseEnter={e => e.currentTarget.style.background='var(--bg-secondary)'} onMouseLeave={e => e.currentTarget.style.background='var(--bg-elevated)'}>
+                                        <button onClick={() => setSessionListCollapsed(false)} style={{ position: 'absolute', top: '12px', left: '12px', zIndex: 10, width: '28px', height: '28px', borderRadius: '6px', background: 'var(--bg-elevated)', border: '1px solid var(--border-subtle)', display: 'flex', alignItems: 'center', justifyContent: 'center', color: 'var(--text-secondary)', cursor: 'pointer', boxShadow: '0 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,0.05)' }} title={t('agent.chat.showSessions')} onMouseEnter={e => e.currentTarget.style.background='var(--bg-secondary)'} onMouseLeave={e => e.currentTarget.style.background='var(--bg-elevated)'}>
                                             <svg width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" strokeWidth="2" strokeLinecap="round" strokeLinejoin="round"><rect x="3" y="3" width="18" height="18" rx="2" ry="2"></rect><line x1="9" y1="3" x2="9" y2="21"></line></svg>
                                         </button>
                                     )}
@@ -4817,7 +4725,7 @@ function AgentDetailInner() {
                                     {pending.length > 0 && (
                                         <>
                                             <h4 style={{ margin: '0 0 12px', fontSize: '13px', color: 'var(--warning)' }}>
-                                                {isChinese ? `${pending.length} 个待审批` : `${pending.length} Pending`}
+                                                {t('agent.settings.approvals.pending', { count: pending.length })}
                                             </h4>
                                             {pending.map((a: any) => (
                                                 <div key={a.id} style={{
@@ -4844,7 +4752,7 @@ function AgentDetailInner() {
                                                             onClick={() => resolveMut.mutate({ approvalId: a.id, action: 'approve' })}
                                                             disabled={resolveMut.isPending}
                                                         >
-                                                            {isChinese ? '批准' : 'Approve'}
+                                                            {t('agent.settings.approvals.approve')}
                                                         </button>
                                                         <button
                                                             className="btn btn-danger"
@@ -4852,7 +4760,7 @@ function AgentDetailInner() {
                                                             onClick={() => resolveMut.mutate({ approvalId: a.id, action: 'reject' })}
                                                             disabled={resolveMut.isPending}
                                                         >
-                                                            {isChinese ? '拒绝' : 'Reject'}
+                                                            {t('agent.settings.approvals.reject')}
                                                         </button>
                                                     </div>
                                                 </div>
@@ -4862,11 +4770,11 @@ function AgentDetailInner() {
                                     )}
                                     {/* History */}
                                     <h4 style={{ margin: '0 0 12px', fontSize: '13px', color: 'var(--text-secondary)' }}>
-                                        {isChinese ? '审批历史' : 'History'}
+                                        {t('agent.settings.approvals.history')}
                                     </h4>
                                     {resolved.length === 0 && pending.length === 0 && (
                                         <div style={{ textAlign: 'center', padding: '40px', color: 'var(--text-tertiary)', fontSize: '13px' }}>
-                                            {isChinese ? '暂无审批记录' : 'No approval records'}
+                                            {t('agent.settings.approvals.noRecords')}
                                         </div>
                                     )}
                                     {resolved.map((a: any) => (
@@ -5104,19 +5012,16 @@ function AgentDetailInner() {
 
                                 {/* Trigger Limits — native agents only */}
                                 {(agent as any)?.agent_type !== 'openclaw' && (() => {
-                                    const isChinese = i18n.language?.startsWith('zh');
                                     return (
                                         <div className="card" style={{ marginBottom: '12px' }}>
-                                            <h4 style={{ marginBottom: '4px' }}>{isChinese ? '触发器限制' : 'Trigger Limits'}</h4>
+                                            <h4 style={{ marginBottom: '4px' }}>{t('agent.settings.triggerLimits.title')}</h4>
                                             <p style={{ fontSize: '12px', color: 'var(--text-tertiary)', marginBottom: '12px' }}>
-                                                {isChinese
-                                                    ? '控制该 Agent 可以创建的触发器数量和行为限制'
-                                                    : 'Limit how many triggers this agent can create and their behavior'}
+                                                {t('agent.settings.triggerLimits.description', 'Limit how many triggers this agent can create and their behavior')}
                                             </p>
                                             <div style={{ display: 'grid', gridTemplateColumns: '1fr 1fr 1fr', gap: '12px' }}>
                                                 <div>
                                                     <label style={{ display: 'block', fontSize: '13px', fontWeight: 500, marginBottom: '6px' }}>
-                                                        {isChinese ? '最大触发器数' : 'Max Triggers'}
+                                                        {t('agent.settings.triggerLimits.maxTriggers')}
                                                     </label>
                                                     <input
                                                         className="input"
@@ -5128,12 +5033,12 @@ function AgentDetailInner() {
                                                         style={{ width: '100%' }}
                                                     />
                                                     <div style={{ fontSize: '11px', color: 'var(--text-tertiary)', marginTop: '4px' }}>
-                                                        {isChinese ? 'Agent 最多可同时拥有的触发器数量' : 'Max active triggers the agent can have'}
+                                                        {t('agent.settings.triggerLimits.maxTriggersDesc')}
                                                     </div>
                                                 </div>
                                                 <div>
                                                     <label style={{ display: 'block', fontSize: '13px', fontWeight: 500, marginBottom: '6px' }}>
-                                                        {isChinese ? 'Poll 最短间隔 (分钟)' : 'Min Poll Interval (min)'}
+                                                        {t('agent.settings.triggerLimits.minPollInterval')}
                                                     </label>
                                                     <input
                                                         className="input"
@@ -5145,12 +5050,12 @@ function AgentDetailInner() {
                                                         style={{ width: '100%' }}
                                                     />
                                                     <div style={{ fontSize: '11px', color: 'var(--text-tertiary)', marginTop: '4px' }}>
-                                                        {isChinese ? '定时轮询外部接口的最短间隔' : 'Minimum interval for polling external URLs'}
+                                                        {t('agent.settings.triggerLimits.minPollIntervalDesc')}
                                                     </div>
                                                 </div>
                                                 <div>
                                                     <label style={{ display: 'block', fontSize: '13px', fontWeight: 500, marginBottom: '6px' }}>
-                                                        {isChinese ? 'Webhook 频率限制 (次/分钟)' : 'Webhook Rate Limit (/min)'}
+                                                        {t('agent.settings.triggerLimits.webhookRateLimit')}
                                                     </label>
                                                     <input
                                                         className="input"
@@ -5162,7 +5067,7 @@ function AgentDetailInner() {
                                                         style={{ width: '100%' }}
                                                     />
                                                     <div style={{ fontSize: '11px', color: 'var(--text-tertiary)', marginTop: '4px' }}>
-                                                        {isChinese ? '外部系统每分钟最多可调用的 Webhook 次数' : 'Max webhook calls per minute from external services'}
+                                                        {t('agent.settings.triggerLimits.webhookRateLimitDesc')}
                                                     </div>
                                                 </div>
                                             </div>
@@ -5177,7 +5082,6 @@ function AgentDetailInner() {
 
                                 {/* Welcome Message */}
                                 {(() => {
-                                    const isChinese = i18n.language?.startsWith('zh');
                                     const saveWm = async () => {
                                         try {
                                             await agentApi.update(id!, { welcome_message: wmDraft } as any);
@@ -5189,13 +5093,11 @@ function AgentDetailInner() {
                                     return (
                                         <div className="card" style={{ marginBottom: '12px' }}>
                                             <div style={{ display: 'flex', alignItems: 'center', justifyContent: 'space-between', marginBottom: '4px' }}>
-                                                <h4 style={{ margin: 0 }}>{isChinese ? '欢迎语' : 'Welcome Message'}</h4>
-                                                {wmSaved && <span style={{ fontSize: '12px', color: 'var(--success)' }}>✓ {isChinese ? '已保存' : 'Saved'}</span>}
+                                                <h4 style={{ margin: 0 }}>{t('agent.settings.welcomeMessage.title')}</h4>
+                                                {wmSaved && <span style={{ fontSize: '12px', color: 'var(--success)' }}>✓ {t('agent.settings.welcomeMessage.saved')}</span>}
                                             </div>
                                             <p style={{ fontSize: '12px', color: 'var(--text-tertiary)', marginBottom: '12px' }}>
-                                                {isChinese
-                                                    ? '当用户在网页端发起新对话时，Agent 会自动发送的欢迎语。支持 Markdown 语法。留空则不发送。'
-                                                    : 'Greeting message sent automatically when a user starts a new web conversation. Supports Markdown. Leave empty to disable.'}
+                                                {t('agent.settings.welcomeMessage.description', 'Greeting message sent automatically when a user starts a new web conversation. Supports Markdown. Leave empty to disable.')}
                                             </p>
                                             <textarea
                                                 className="input"
@@ -5203,7 +5105,7 @@ function AgentDetailInner() {
                                                 value={wmDraft}
                                                 onChange={e => setWmDraft(e.target.value)}
                                                 onBlur={saveWm}
-                                                placeholder={isChinese ? '例如：你好！我是你的 AI 助手，有什么可以帮你的吗？' : "e.g. Hello! I'm your AI assistant. How can I help you?"}
+                                                placeholder={t('agent.settings.welcomeMessage.placeholder')}
                                                 style={{
                                                     width: '100%', minHeight: '80px', resize: 'vertical',
                                                     fontFamily: 'inherit', fontSize: '13px',
@@ -5441,8 +5343,8 @@ function AgentDetailInner() {
                                                 'Europe/London', 'Europe/Paris', 'Europe/Berlin', 'Europe/Moscow',
                                                 'America/New_York', 'America/Chicago', 'America/Denver', 'America/Los_Angeles',
                                                 'America/Sao_Paulo', 'Australia/Sydney', 'Pacific/Auckland'].map(tz => (
-                                                    <option key={tz} value={tz}>{tz}</option>
-                                                ))}
+                                                <option key={tz} value={tz}>{t(`agent.settings.timezone.zones.${tz}`, tz)}</option>
+                                            ))}
                                         </select>
                                     </div>
                                 </div>
@@ -5745,16 +5647,16 @@ class AgentDetailErrorBoundary extends Component<{ children: React.ReactNode },
         if (this.state.hasError) {
             return (
                 <div style={{ display: 'flex', flexDirection: 'column', alignItems: 'center', justifyContent: 'center', height: '60vh', gap: '16px' }}>
-                    <div style={{ fontSize: '20px', fontWeight: 600, color: 'var(--text-primary)' }}>Something went wrong</div>
+                    <div style={{ fontSize: '20px', fontWeight: 600, color: 'var(--text-primary)' }}>{i18n.t('agent.tools.somethingWentWrong')}</div>
                     <div style={{ fontSize: '13px', color: 'var(--text-tertiary)', maxWidth: '400px', textAlign: 'center' }}>
-                        {this.state.error?.message || 'An unexpected error occurred while loading this page.'}
+                        {this.state.error?.message || i18n.t('agent.tools.unexpectedError')}
                     </div>
                     <button
                         className="btn btn-primary"
                         onClick={() => { this.setState({ hasError: false, error: null }); window.location.reload(); }}
                         style={{ marginTop: '8px' }}
                     >
-                        Reload Page
+                        {i18n.t('agent.tools.reloadPage')}
                     </button>
                 </div>
             );
diff --git a/frontend/src/pages/EnterpriseSettings.tsx b/frontend/src/pages/EnterpriseSettings.tsx
index 666b829d..c9cc51d3 100644
--- a/frontend/src/pages/EnterpriseSettings.tsx
+++ b/frontend/src/pages/EnterpriseSettings.tsx
@@ -234,8 +234,8 @@ function SsoChannelSection({ idpType, existingProvider, tenant, t }: {
                             style={{ fontSize: '11px', width: 'auto', minWidth: '70px', height: '33px' }}
                             disabled={!domain}
                             textToCopy={domain ? (domain.startsWith('http') ? domain : `https://${domain}`) : ''}
-                            label={t('common.copy', 'Copy')}
-                            copiedLabel="Copied"
+                            label={t('common.copy')}
+                            copiedLabel={t('common.copied')}
                         />
                     </div>
                     <div style={{ fontSize: '10px', color: 'var(--text-tertiary)', marginTop: '4px' }}>
@@ -267,8 +267,8 @@ function SsoChannelSection({ idpType, existingProvider, tenant, t }: {
                             style={{ fontSize: '11px', width: 'auto', minWidth: '70px', height: '33px' }}
                             disabled={!callbackUrl}
                             textToCopy={callbackUrl}
-                            label={t('common.copy', 'Copy')}
-                            copiedLabel="Copied"
+                            label={t('common.copy')}
+                            copiedLabel={t('common.copied')}
                         />
                     </div>
                     <div style={{ fontSize: '10px', color: 'var(--text-tertiary)', marginTop: '4px' }}>
@@ -536,10 +536,10 @@ function OrgTab({ tenant }: { tenant: any }) {
     };
 
     const IDP_TYPES = [
-        { type: 'feishu', name: 'Feishu', desc: 'Feishu / Lark Integration', icon: <img src="/feishu.png" width="20" height="20" alt="Feishu" /> },
-        { type: 'wecom', name: 'WeCom', desc: 'WeChat Work Integration', icon: <img src="/wecom.png" width="20" height="20" style={{ borderRadius: '4px' }} alt="WeCom" /> },
-        { type: 'dingtalk', name: 'DingTalk', desc: 'DingTalk App Integration', icon: <img src="/dingtalk.png" width="20" height="20" style={{ borderRadius: '4px' }} alt="DingTalk" /> },
-        { type: 'oauth2', name: 'OAuth2', desc: 'Generic OIDC Provider', icon: <div style={{ width: 20, height: 20, background: 'var(--accent-primary)', borderRadius: 4, display: 'flex', alignItems: 'center', justifyContent: 'center', color: '#fff', fontSize: 10, fontWeight: 700 }}>O</div> }
+        { type: 'feishu', name: t('enterprise.identity.providers.feishu.name', 'Feishu'), desc: t('enterprise.identity.providers.feishu.desc', 'Feishu / Lark Integration'), icon: <img src="/feishu.png" width="20" height="20" alt="Feishu" /> },
+        { type: 'wecom', name: t('enterprise.identity.providers.wecom.name', 'WeCom'), desc: t('enterprise.identity.providers.wecom.desc', 'WeChat Work Integration'), icon: <img src="/wecom.png" width="20" height="20" style={{ borderRadius: '4px' }} alt="WeCom" /> },
+        { type: 'dingtalk', name: t('enterprise.identity.providers.dingtalk.name', 'DingTalk'), desc: t('enterprise.identity.providers.dingtalk.desc', 'DingTalk App Integration'), icon: <img src="/dingtalk.png" width="20" height="20" style={{ borderRadius: '4px' }} alt="DingTalk" /> },
+        { type: 'oauth2', name: t('enterprise.identity.providers.oauth2.name', 'OAuth2'), desc: t('enterprise.identity.providers.oauth2.desc', 'Generic OIDC Provider'), icon: <div style={{ width: 20, height: 20, background: 'var(--accent-primary)', borderRadius: 4, display: 'flex', alignItems: 'center', justifyContent: 'center', color: '#fff', fontSize: 10, fontWeight: 700 }}>O</div> }
     ];
 
     const handleExpand = (type: string, existingProvider?: any) => {
@@ -597,8 +597,8 @@ function OrgTab({ tenant }: { tenant: any }) {
                                             className="btn btn-ghost"
                                             style={{ position: 'absolute', top: '8px', right: '8px', fontSize: '10px', color: '#abb2bf', padding: '4px 8px', background: 'rgba(255,255,255,0.1)', cursor: 'pointer', border: 'none', borderRadius: '4px', height: 'fit-content', minWidth: '60px' }}
                                             textToCopy={FEISHU_SYNC_PERM_JSON}
-                                            label="Copy"
-                                            copiedLabel="Copied✓"
+                                            label={t('common.copy')}
+                                            copiedLabel={t('common.copied') + '✓'}
                                         />
                                         {FEISHU_SYNC_PERM_JSON}
                                     </div>
@@ -642,15 +642,15 @@ function OrgTab({ tenant }: { tenant: any }) {
                 {type === 'oauth2' ? (
                     <div style={{ display: 'grid', gridTemplateColumns: '1fr 1fr', gap: '12px' }}>
                         <div className="form-group">
-                            <label className="form-label">Client ID</label>
+                            <label className="form-label">{t('enterprise.identity.clientId')}</label>
                             <input className="form-input" value={form.app_id} onChange={e => setForm({ ...form, app_id: e.target.value })} />
                         </div>
                         <div className="form-group">
-                            <label className="form-label">Client Secret</label>
+                            <label className="form-label">{t('enterprise.identity.clientSecret')}</label>
                             <input className="form-input" type="password" value={form.app_secret} onChange={e => setForm({ ...form, app_secret: e.target.value })} />
                         </div>
                         <div className="form-group" style={{ gridColumn: '1 / -1' }}>
-                            <label className="form-label">Authorize URL</label>
+                            <label className="form-label">{t('enterprise.identity.authorizeUrl')}</label>
                             <input className="form-input" value={form.authorize_url} onChange={e => setForm({ ...form, authorize_url: e.target.value })} />
                         </div>
                     </div>
@@ -662,24 +662,24 @@ function OrgTab({ tenant }: { tenant: any }) {
                             </div>
                         </div>
                         <div className="form-group">
-                            <label className="form-label">Corp ID</label>
+                            <label className="form-label">{t('enterprise.identity.corpId')}</label>
                             <input className="form-input" value={form.config.corp_id || ''} onChange={e => setForm({ ...form, config: { ...form.config, corp_id: e.target.value } })} placeholder="wwxxxxxxxxxxxx" />
                         </div>
                         <div className="form-group">
-                            <label className="form-label">Secret</label>
+                            <label className="form-label">{t('enterprise.identity.secret')}</label>
                             <input className="form-input" type="password" value={form.config.secret || ''} onChange={e => setForm({ ...form, config: { ...form.config, secret: e.target.value } })} />
                         </div>
                         <div className="form-group">
-                            <label className="form-label">Agent ID (Optional)</label>
+                            <label className="form-label">{t('enterprise.identity.agentId')}</label>
                             <input className="form-input" value={form.config.agent_id || ''} onChange={e => setForm({ ...form, config: { ...form.config, agent_id: e.target.value } })} />
                         </div>
                         <div style={{ gridColumn: '1 / -1', height: '1px', background: 'var(--border-subtle)', margin: '8px 0' }} />
                         <div className="form-group">
-                            <label className="form-label">Bot ID (Intelligent Robot)</label>
+                            <label className="form-label">{t('enterprise.identity.botId')}</label>
                             <input className="form-input" value={form.config.bot_id || ''} onChange={e => setForm({ ...form, config: { ...form.config, bot_id: e.target.value } })} placeholder="aibXXXXXXXXXXXX" />
                         </div>
                         <div className="form-group">
-                            <label className="form-label">Bot Secret</label>
+                            <label className="form-label">{t('enterprise.identity.botSecret')}</label>
                             <input className="form-input" type="password" value={form.config.bot_secret || ''} onChange={e => setForm({ ...form, config: { ...form.config, bot_secret: e.target.value } })} />
                         </div>
                     </div>
@@ -689,11 +689,11 @@ function OrgTab({ tenant }: { tenant: any }) {
                             <div style={{ fontSize: '11px', color: 'var(--text-tertiary)' }}>{t('enterprise.identity.providerHints.dingtalk')}</div>
                         </div>
                         <div className="form-group">
-                            <label className="form-label">App Key</label>
+                            <label className="form-label">{t('enterprise.identity.appKey')}</label>
                             <input className="form-input" value={form.config.app_key || ''} onChange={e => setForm({ ...form, config: { ...form.config, app_key: e.target.value } })} placeholder="dingxxxxxxxxxxxx" />
                         </div>
                         <div className="form-group">
-                            <label className="form-label">App Secret</label>
+                            <label className="form-label">{t('enterprise.identity.appSecret')}</label>
                             <input className="form-input" type="password" value={form.config.app_secret || ''} onChange={e => setForm({ ...form, config: { ...form.config, app_secret: e.target.value } })} />
                         </div>
                     </div>
@@ -794,7 +794,7 @@ function OrgTab({ tenant }: { tenant: any }) {
                         {t('enterprise.identity.title', 'Organization & Directory Sync')}
                     </h3>
                     <div style={{ fontSize: '12px', color: 'var(--text-secondary)', marginTop: '4px' }}>
-                        Configure enterprise directory synchronization and Identity Provider settings.
+                        {t('enterprise.identity.description', 'Configure enterprise directory synchronization and Identity Provider settings.')}
                     </div>
                 </div>
 
@@ -819,7 +819,7 @@ function OrgTab({ tenant }: { tenant: any }) {
                                     <div style={{ display: 'flex', alignItems: 'center', gap: '16px' }}>
                                         {existingProvider ? (
                                             <div style={{ display: 'flex', flexWrap: 'wrap', alignItems: 'flex-end', gap: '8px' }}>
-                                                <span className="badge badge-success" style={{ fontSize: '10px' }}>Active</span>
+                                                <span className="badge badge-success" style={{ fontSize: '10px' }}>{t('enterprise.identity.active', 'Active')}</span>
                                                 {existingProvider.last_synced_at && (
                                                     <span style={{ fontSize: '10px', color: 'var(--text-tertiary)' }}>
                                                         Synced: {new Date(existingProvider.last_synced_at).toLocaleDateString()}
@@ -827,7 +827,7 @@ function OrgTab({ tenant }: { tenant: any }) {
                                                 )}
                                             </div>
                                         ) : (
-                                            <span className="badge badge-secondary" style={{ fontSize: '10px' }}>Not configured</span>
+                                            <span className="badge badge-secondary" style={{ fontSize: '10px' }}>{t('enterprise.identity.notConfigured', 'Not configured')}</span>
                                         )}
                                         <div style={{ color: 'var(--text-tertiary)', transform: isExpanded ? 'rotate(180deg)' : 'none', transition: 'transform 0.2s', fontSize: '12px' }}>
                                             ▼
@@ -914,9 +914,9 @@ function ThemeColorPicker() {
                     style={{ width: '120px', fontSize: '13px', fontFamily: 'var(--font-mono)' }}
                     onKeyDown={e => e.key === 'Enter' && handleCustom()}
                 />
-                <button className="btn btn-secondary" style={{ fontSize: '12px' }} onClick={handleCustom}>Apply</button>
+                <button className="btn btn-secondary" style={{ fontSize: '12px' }} onClick={handleCustom}>{t('common.apply', 'Apply')}</button>
                 {currentColor && (
-                    <button className="btn btn-ghost" style={{ fontSize: '12px', color: 'var(--text-tertiary)' }} onClick={handleReset}>Reset</button>
+                    <button className="btn btn-ghost" style={{ fontSize: '12px', color: 'var(--text-tertiary)' }} onClick={handleReset}>{t('common.reset', 'Reset')}</button>
                 )}
                 {currentColor && (
                     <div style={{ width: '20px', height: '20px', borderRadius: '4px', background: currentColor, border: '1px solid var(--border-default)' }} />
@@ -1552,7 +1552,7 @@ function CompanyTimezoneEditor() {
                     disabled={saving}
                 >
                     {COMMON_TIMEZONES.map(tz => (
-                        <option key={tz} value={tz}>{tz}</option>
+                        <option key={tz} value={tz}>{t(`enterprise.timezone.zones.${tz}`, tz)}</option>
                     ))}
                 </select>
                 {saved && <span style={{ color: 'var(--success)', fontSize: '12px' }}>✅</span>}
@@ -2090,7 +2090,7 @@ export default function EnterpriseSettings() {
                                     {editingModelId === m.id ? (
                                         /* Inline edit form */
                                         <div className="card" style={{ border: '1px solid var(--accent-primary)' }}>
-                                            <h3 style={{ marginBottom: '16px' }}>Edit Model</h3>
+                                            <h3 style={{ marginBottom: '16px' }}>{t('enterprise.llm.editModel', 'Edit Model')}</h3>
                                             <div style={{ display: 'grid', gridTemplateColumns: '1fr 1fr', gap: '12px' }}>
                                                 <div className="form-group">
                                                     <label className="form-label">{t('enterprise.llm.provider')}</label>
@@ -2229,7 +2229,7 @@ export default function EnterpriseSettings() {
                                                         transition: 'left 0.2s', boxShadow: '0 1px 3px rgba(0,0,0,0.2)',
                                                     }} />
                                                 </button>
-                                                {m.supports_vision && <span className="badge" style={{ background: 'rgba(99,102,241,0.15)', color: 'rgb(99,102,241)', fontSize: '10px' }}>Vision</span>}
+                                                {m.supports_vision && <span className="badge" style={{ background: 'rgba(99,102,241,0.15)', color: 'rgb(99,102,241)', fontSize: '10px' }}>{t('enterprise.llm.vision', 'Vision')}</span>}
                                                 <button className="btn btn-ghost" onClick={() => {
                                                     setEditingModelId(m.id);
                                                     setModelForm({ provider: m.provider, model: m.model, label: m.label, base_url: m.base_url || '', api_key: m.api_key_masked || '', supports_vision: m.supports_vision || false, max_output_tokens: m.max_output_tokens ? String(m.max_output_tokens) : '', request_timeout: m.request_timeout ? String(m.request_timeout) : '', temperature: m.temperature !== null && m.temperature !== undefined ? String(m.temperature) : '' });
@@ -2963,6 +2963,8 @@ export default function EnterpriseSettings() {
                                                             // If this category has shared config, individual tool config buttons are hidden
                                                             const hasOwnConfig = tool.config_schema?.fields?.length > 0 && !hasCategoryConfig;
                                                             const isEditing = editingToolId === tool.id;
+                                                            const toolDisplayName = String(t(`enterprise.tools.toolNames.${tool.name}`, tool.display_name));
+                                                            const toolDescription = String(t(`enterprise.tools.toolDescriptions.${tool.name}`, tool.description));
 
                                                             return (
                                                                 <div key={tool.id} className="card" style={{ padding: '0', overflow: 'hidden' }}>
@@ -2971,9 +2973,9 @@ export default function EnterpriseSettings() {
                                                                             <span style={{ fontSize: '18px' }}>{tool.icon}</span>
                                                                             <div style={{ minWidth: 0 }}>
                                                                                 <div style={{ display: 'flex', alignItems: 'center', gap: '6px' }}>
-                                                                                    <span style={{ fontWeight: 500, fontSize: '13px' }}>{tool.display_name}</span>
+                                                                                    <span style={{ fontWeight: 500, fontSize: '13px' }}>{toolDisplayName}</span>
                                                                                     <span style={{ fontSize: '10px', background: tool.type === 'mcp' ? 'var(--primary)' : 'var(--bg-tertiary)', color: tool.type === 'mcp' ? '#fff' : 'var(--text-secondary)', borderRadius: '4px', padding: '1px 5px' }}>
-                                                                                        {tool.type === 'mcp' ? 'MCP' : 'Built-in'}
+                                                                                        {tool.type === 'mcp' ? 'MCP' : t('enterprise.tools.builtIn', 'Built-in')}
                                                                                     </span>
                                                                                     {tool.is_default && <span style={{ fontSize: '10px', background: 'rgba(0,200,100,0.15)', color: 'var(--success)', borderRadius: '4px', padding: '1px 5px' }}>Default</span>}
                                                                                     {tool.config && Object.keys(tool.config).length > 0 && (
@@ -2981,7 +2983,7 @@ export default function EnterpriseSettings() {
                                                                                     )}
                                                                                 </div>
                                                                                 <div style={{ fontSize: '11px', color: 'var(--text-tertiary)', overflow: 'hidden', textOverflow: 'ellipsis', whiteSpace: 'nowrap' }}>
-                                                                                    {tool.description?.slice(0, 80)}
+                                                                                    {toolDescription?.slice(0, 80)}
                                                                                     {tool.mcp_server_name && <span> · {tool.mcp_server_name}</span>}
                                                                                 </div>
                                                                             </div>
diff --git a/frontend/src/pages/OpenClawSettings.tsx b/frontend/src/pages/OpenClawSettings.tsx
index f64f84a0..ae0851fe 100644
--- a/frontend/src/pages/OpenClawSettings.tsx
+++ b/frontend/src/pages/OpenClawSettings.tsx
@@ -142,8 +142,8 @@ export default function OpenClawSettings({ agent, agentId }: OpenClawSettingsPro
                                 <LinearCopyButton
                                     className="btn btn-secondary"
                                     textToCopy={activeKey}
-                                    label="Copy"
-                                    copiedLabel="Copied"
+                                    label={t('common.copy')}
+                                    copiedLabel={t('common.copied')}
                                     style={{ padding: '4px 12px', fontSize: '12px', whiteSpace: 'nowrap', minWidth: '70px', height: 'fit-content' }}
                                 />
                                 <button
diff --git a/frontend/src/pages/PlatformDashboard.tsx b/frontend/src/pages/PlatformDashboard.tsx
index 9e386820..2dac8a55 100644
--- a/frontend/src/pages/PlatformDashboard.tsx
+++ b/frontend/src/pages/PlatformDashboard.tsx
@@ -41,6 +41,7 @@ const InfoTooltip = ({ text }: { text: string }) => (
         alignItems: 'center',
         cursor: 'help',
         marginLeft: '4px',
+        zIndex: 10,
     }}>
         <svg
             width="14" height="14" viewBox="0 0 16 16" fill="none"
@@ -77,7 +78,7 @@ if (typeof document !== 'undefined' && !document.getElementById(tooltipStyleId))
             width: 240px;
             box-shadow: 0 4px 16px rgba(0,0,0,0.25);
             transition: opacity 0.15s, visibility 0.15s;
-            z-index: 1000;
+            z-index: 9999;
             pointer-events: none;
         }
         span:hover > .info-tooltip-popup {
@@ -98,6 +99,7 @@ const MetricCard = ({ label, value, tooltip }: { label: string; value: string; t
         display: 'flex',
         flexDirection: 'column',
         gap: '8px',
+        overflow: 'visible',
     }}>
         <div style={{
             display: 'flex',
@@ -107,6 +109,7 @@ const MetricCard = ({ label, value, tooltip }: { label: string; value: string; t
             color: 'var(--text-tertiary)',
             textTransform: 'uppercase',
             letterSpacing: '0.5px',
+            overflow: 'visible',
         }}>
             {label}
             <InfoTooltip text={tooltip} />
@@ -213,14 +216,14 @@ export default function PlatformDashboard() {
     const ChartCard = ({ title, tooltip, dataKeyTotal, dataKeyNew, color }: {
         title: string; tooltip: string; dataKeyTotal: string; dataKeyNew: string; color: string;
     }) => (
-        <div className="card" style={{ flex: 1, minWidth: '300px', padding: '20px' }}>
-            <div style={{ fontSize: '13px', fontWeight: 600, marginBottom: '20px', color: 'var(--text-secondary)', display: 'flex', alignItems: 'center' }}>
+        <div className="card" style={{ flex: 1, minWidth: '300px', padding: '20px', overflow: 'visible' }}>
+            <div style={{ fontSize: '13px', fontWeight: 600, marginBottom: '20px', color: 'var(--text-secondary)', display: 'flex', alignItems: 'center', overflow: 'visible' }}>
                 {title}
                 <InfoTooltip text={tooltip} />
             </div>
             <div style={{ height: '240px', width: '100%' }}>
                 {loadingStats ? (
-                    <div style={{ width: '100%', height: '100%', display: 'flex', alignItems: 'center', justifyContent: 'center', color: 'var(--text-tertiary)', fontSize: '12px' }}>Loading...</div>
+                    <div style={{ width: '100%', height: '100%', display: 'flex', alignItems: 'center', justifyContent: 'center', color: 'var(--text-tertiary)', fontSize: '12px' }}>{t('platformDashboard.loading')}</div>
                 ) : (
                     <ResponsiveContainer width="100%" height="100%">
                         <LineChart data={timeSeriesData} margin={{ top: 5, right: 5, left: -20, bottom: 5 }}>
@@ -228,8 +231,8 @@ export default function PlatformDashboard() {
                             <XAxis dataKey="date" tick={{ fontSize: 10, fill: 'var(--text-tertiary)' }} tickLine={false} axisLine={false} tickFormatter={(val) => val.substring(5)} />
                             <YAxis yAxisId="left" tick={{ fontSize: 10, fill: 'var(--text-tertiary)' }} tickLine={false} axisLine={false} tickFormatter={formatTokens} />
                             <Tooltip content={<CustomTooltip />} />
-                            <Line yAxisId="left" type="monotone" dataKey={dataKeyTotal} name="Cumulative" stroke={color} strokeWidth={2} dot={false} activeDot={{ r: 4 }} />
-                            <Line yAxisId="left" type="monotone" dataKey={dataKeyNew} name="New" stroke={color} opacity={0.3} strokeWidth={2} dot={false} strokeDasharray="4 4" />
+                            <Line yAxisId="left" type="monotone" dataKey={dataKeyTotal} name={t('platformDashboard.charts.legend.cumulative')} stroke={color} strokeWidth={2} dot={false} activeDot={{ r: 4 }} />
+                            <Line yAxisId="left" type="monotone" dataKey={dataKeyNew} name={t('platformDashboard.charts.legend.new')} stroke={color} opacity={0.3} strokeWidth={2} dot={false} strokeDasharray="4 4" />
                         </LineChart>
                     </ResponsiveContainer>
                 )}
@@ -243,14 +246,14 @@ export default function PlatformDashboard() {
         title: string; tooltip: string;
         lines: { key: string; name: string; color: string }[];
     }) => (
-        <div className="card" style={{ flex: 1, minWidth: '300px', padding: '20px' }}>
-            <div style={{ fontSize: '13px', fontWeight: 600, marginBottom: '20px', color: 'var(--text-secondary)', display: 'flex', alignItems: 'center' }}>
+        <div className="card" style={{ flex: 1, minWidth: '300px', padding: '20px', overflow: 'visible' }}>
+            <div style={{ fontSize: '13px', fontWeight: 600, marginBottom: '20px', color: 'var(--text-secondary)', display: 'flex', alignItems: 'center', overflow: 'visible' }}>
                 {title}
                 <InfoTooltip text={tooltip} />
             </div>
             <div style={{ height: '240px', width: '100%' }}>
                 {loadingStats ? (
-                    <div style={{ width: '100%', height: '100%', display: 'flex', alignItems: 'center', justifyContent: 'center', color: 'var(--text-tertiary)', fontSize: '12px' }}>Loading...</div>
+                    <div style={{ width: '100%', height: '100%', display: 'flex', alignItems: 'center', justifyContent: 'center', color: 'var(--text-tertiary)', fontSize: '12px' }}>{t('platformDashboard.loading')}</div>
                 ) : (
                     <ResponsiveContainer width="100%" height="100%">
                         <LineChart data={timeSeriesData} margin={{ top: 5, right: 5, left: -20, bottom: 5 }}>
@@ -275,16 +278,16 @@ export default function PlatformDashboard() {
         const data = enhanced?.channel_distribution || [];
         const total = data.reduce((s: number, d: any) => s + d.count, 0);
         return (
-            <div className="card" style={{ flex: 1, minWidth: '300px', padding: '20px' }}>
-                <div style={{ fontSize: '13px', fontWeight: 600, marginBottom: '20px', color: 'var(--text-secondary)', display: 'flex', alignItems: 'center' }}>
-                    Channel Distribution
-                    <InfoTooltip text="Distribution of chat sessions by source channel in the last 30 days" />
+            <div className="card" style={{ flex: 1, minWidth: '300px', padding: '20px', overflow: 'visible' }}>
+                <div style={{ fontSize: '13px', fontWeight: 600, marginBottom: '20px', color: 'var(--text-secondary)', display: 'flex', alignItems: 'center', overflow: 'visible' }}>
+                    {t('platformDashboard.charts.channelDistribution.title')}
+                    <InfoTooltip text={t('platformDashboard.charts.channelDistribution.tooltip')} />
                 </div>
                 <div style={{ height: '280px', width: '100%' }}>
                     {loadingEnhanced ? (
-                        <div style={{ width: '100%', height: '100%', display: 'flex', alignItems: 'center', justifyContent: 'center', color: 'var(--text-tertiary)', fontSize: '12px' }}>Loading...</div>
+                        <div style={{ width: '100%', height: '100%', display: 'flex', alignItems: 'center', justifyContent: 'center', color: 'var(--text-tertiary)', fontSize: '12px' }}>{t('platformDashboard.loading')}</div>
                     ) : data.length === 0 ? (
-                        <div style={{ width: '100%', height: '100%', display: 'flex', alignItems: 'center', justifyContent: 'center', color: 'var(--text-tertiary)', fontSize: '12px' }}>No data</div>
+                        <div style={{ width: '100%', height: '100%', display: 'flex', alignItems: 'center', justifyContent: 'center', color: 'var(--text-tertiary)', fontSize: '12px' }}>{t('platformDashboard.noData')}</div>
                     ) : (
                         <ResponsiveContainer width="100%" height="100%">
                             <PieChart>
@@ -318,16 +321,16 @@ export default function PlatformDashboard() {
     const ToolBarChart = () => {
         const data = enhanced?.tool_category_top10 || [];
         return (
-            <div className="card" style={{ flex: 1, minWidth: '300px', padding: '20px' }}>
-                <div style={{ fontSize: '13px', fontWeight: 600, marginBottom: '20px', color: 'var(--text-secondary)', display: 'flex', alignItems: 'center' }}>
-                    Top 10 Tool Categories
-                    <InfoTooltip text="Most popular tool categories across all active agent configurations" />
+            <div className="card" style={{ flex: 1, minWidth: '300px', padding: '20px', overflow: 'visible' }}>
+                <div style={{ fontSize: '13px', fontWeight: 600, marginBottom: '20px', color: 'var(--text-secondary)', display: 'flex', alignItems: 'center', overflow: 'visible' }}>
+                    {t('platformDashboard.charts.toolCategories.title')}
+                    <InfoTooltip text={t('platformDashboard.charts.toolCategories.tooltip')} />
                 </div>
                 <div style={{ height: '280px', width: '100%' }}>
                     {loadingEnhanced ? (
-                        <div style={{ width: '100%', height: '100%', display: 'flex', alignItems: 'center', justifyContent: 'center', color: 'var(--text-tertiary)', fontSize: '12px' }}>Loading...</div>
+                        <div style={{ width: '100%', height: '100%', display: 'flex', alignItems: 'center', justifyContent: 'center', color: 'var(--text-tertiary)', fontSize: '12px' }}>{t('platformDashboard.loading')}</div>
                     ) : data.length === 0 ? (
-                        <div style={{ width: '100%', height: '100%', display: 'flex', alignItems: 'center', justifyContent: 'center', color: 'var(--text-tertiary)', fontSize: '12px' }}>No data</div>
+                        <div style={{ width: '100%', height: '100%', display: 'flex', alignItems: 'center', justifyContent: 'center', color: 'var(--text-tertiary)', fontSize: '12px' }}>{t('platformDashboard.noData')}</div>
                     ) : (
                         <ResponsiveContainer width="100%" height="100%">
                             <BarChart data={data} layout="vertical" margin={{ top: 5, right: 20, left: 60, bottom: 5 }}>
@@ -335,7 +338,7 @@ export default function PlatformDashboard() {
                                 <XAxis type="number" tick={{ fontSize: 10, fill: 'var(--text-tertiary)' }} tickLine={false} axisLine={false} />
                                 <YAxis dataKey="category" type="category" tick={{ fontSize: 11, fill: 'var(--text-secondary)' }} tickLine={false} axisLine={false} width={55} />
                                 <Tooltip content={<CustomTooltip />} />
-                                <Bar dataKey="count" name="Enabled" fill="#3b82f6" radius={[0, 4, 4, 0]} barSize={18} />
+                                <Bar dataKey="count" name={t('platformDashboard.charts.legend.enabled')} fill="#3b82f6" radius={[0, 4, 4, 0]} barSize={18} />
                             </BarChart>
                         </ResponsiveContainer>
                     )}
@@ -349,7 +352,7 @@ export default function PlatformDashboard() {
     const ChurnTable = () => {
         const data = enhanced?.churn_warnings || [];
         return (
-            <div className="card" style={{ padding: '0', overflow: 'hidden' }}>
+            <div className="card" style={{ padding: '0', overflow: 'visible' }}>
                 <div style={{
                     padding: '20px',
                     fontSize: '13px',
@@ -358,22 +361,23 @@ export default function PlatformDashboard() {
                     borderBottom: '1px solid var(--border-subtle)',
                     display: 'flex',
                     alignItems: 'center',
+                    overflow: 'visible',
                 }}>
-                    Churn Warning
-                    <InfoTooltip text="Companies that consumed >10M tokens but have had no activity in the past 14 days" />
+                    {t('platformDashboard.churn.title')}
+                    <InfoTooltip text={t('platformDashboard.churn.tooltip')} />
                 </div>
                 {loadingEnhanced ? (
-                    <div style={{ padding: '40px', textAlign: 'center', fontSize: '12px', color: 'var(--text-tertiary)' }}>Loading...</div>
+                    <div style={{ padding: '40px', textAlign: 'center', fontSize: '12px', color: 'var(--text-tertiary)' }}>{t('platformDashboard.loading')}</div>
                 ) : data.length === 0 ? (
-                    <div style={{ padding: '40px', textAlign: 'center', fontSize: '12px', color: 'var(--text-tertiary)' }}>No churn warnings — all active companies are healthy</div>
+                    <div style={{ padding: '40px', textAlign: 'center', fontSize: '12px', color: 'var(--text-tertiary)' }}>{t('platformDashboard.churn.noWarnings')}</div>
                 ) : (
                     <table style={{ width: '100%', borderCollapse: 'collapse', fontSize: '13px' }}>
                         <thead>
                             <tr style={{ borderBottom: '1px solid var(--border-subtle)', color: 'var(--text-tertiary)', fontSize: '11px', textTransform: 'uppercase', letterSpacing: '0.5px' }}>
-                                <th style={{ padding: '12px 20px', textAlign: 'left', fontWeight: 600 }}>Company</th>
-                                <th style={{ padding: '12px 20px', textAlign: 'right', fontWeight: 600 }}>Total Tokens</th>
-                                <th style={{ padding: '12px 20px', textAlign: 'right', fontWeight: 600 }}>Last Active</th>
-                                <th style={{ padding: '12px 20px', textAlign: 'right', fontWeight: 600 }}>Days Inactive</th>
+                                <th style={{ padding: '12px 20px', textAlign: 'left', fontWeight: 600 }}>{t('platformDashboard.churn.company')}</th>
+                                <th style={{ padding: '12px 20px', textAlign: 'right', fontWeight: 600 }}>{t('platformDashboard.churn.totalTokens')}</th>
+                                <th style={{ padding: '12px 20px', textAlign: 'right', fontWeight: 600 }}>{t('platformDashboard.churn.lastActive')}</th>
+                                <th style={{ padding: '12px 20px', textAlign: 'right', fontWeight: 600 }}>{t('platformDashboard.churn.daysInactive')}</th>
                             </tr>
                         </thead>
                         <tbody>
@@ -413,7 +417,7 @@ export default function PlatformDashboard() {
         title: string; tooltip: string; items: any[];
         renderItem: (item: any, i: number) => React.ReactNode;
     }) => (
-        <div className="card" style={{ flex: 1, minWidth: '300px', padding: '0', overflow: 'hidden' }}>
+        <div className="card" style={{ flex: 1, minWidth: '300px', padding: '0', overflow: 'visible' }}>
             <div style={{
                 padding: '20px',
                 fontSize: '13px',
@@ -422,16 +426,17 @@ export default function PlatformDashboard() {
                 borderBottom: '1px solid var(--border-subtle)',
                 display: 'flex',
                 alignItems: 'center',
+                overflow: 'visible',
             }}>
                 {title}
                 <InfoTooltip text={tooltip} />
             </div>
             {loadingLeaders ? (
-                <div style={{ padding: '40px', textAlign: 'center', fontSize: '12px', color: 'var(--text-tertiary)' }}>Loading...</div>
+                <div style={{ padding: '40px', textAlign: 'center', fontSize: '12px', color: 'var(--text-tertiary)' }}>{t('platformDashboard.loading')}</div>
             ) : (
                 <div>
                     {items.map((item, i) => renderItem(item, i))}
-                    {items.length === 0 && <div style={{ padding: '20px', textAlign: 'center', fontSize: '12px', color: 'var(--text-tertiary)' }}>No data</div>}
+                    {items.length === 0 && <div style={{ padding: '20px', textAlign: 'center', fontSize: '12px', color: 'var(--text-tertiary)' }}>{t('platformDashboard.noData')}</div>}
                 </div>
             )}
         </div>
@@ -440,7 +445,7 @@ export default function PlatformDashboard() {
     // ─── Render ───────────────────────────────────────────
 
     return (
-        <div style={{ display: 'flex', flexDirection: 'column', gap: '24px' }}>
+        <div style={{ display: 'flex', flexDirection: 'column', gap: '24px', overflow: 'visible' }}>
             {/* Time Range Toggle */}
             <div style={{ display: 'flex', justifyContent: 'flex-end' }}>
                 <div style={{ display: 'flex', background: 'var(--bg-secondary)', padding: '4px', borderRadius: '8px', border: '1px solid var(--border-subtle)' }}>
@@ -456,49 +461,49 @@ export default function PlatformDashboard() {
                                 border: 'none', cursor: 'pointer', transition: 'all 0.2s'
                             }}
                         >
-                            Last {d} Days
+                            {d === 7 ? t('platformDashboard.timeRange.last7Days') : t('platformDashboard.timeRange.last30Days')}
                         </button>
                     ))}
                 </div>
             </div>
 
             {/* Summary Cards */}
-            <div style={{ display: 'flex', gap: '20px', flexWrap: 'wrap' }}>
+            <div style={{ display: 'flex', gap: '20px', flexWrap: 'wrap', overflow: 'visible' }}>
                 <MetricCard
-                    label="Avg Tokens / Session"
+                    label={t('platformDashboard.metrics.avgTokensPerSession.label')}
                     value={enhanced ? formatTokens(enhanced.avg_tokens_per_session_30d) : '-'}
-                    tooltip="Average token consumption per chat session in the last 30 days. Calculated as total tokens / total sessions."
+                    tooltip={t('platformDashboard.metrics.avgTokensPerSession.tooltip')}
                 />
                 <MetricCard
-                    label="7-Day Retention"
+                    label={t('platformDashboard.metrics.retention7Day.label')}
                     value={enhanced ? `${enhanced.retention_rate_7d}%` : '-'}
-                    tooltip={`Percentage of established companies (>14 days old) that were active last week and remain active this week. ${enhanced ? `${enhanced.retained_companies} of ${enhanced.last_week_active_companies} companies retained.` : ''}`}
+                    tooltip={enhanced ? t('platformDashboard.metrics.retention7Day.tooltipWithCount', { retained: enhanced.retained_companies, total: enhanced.last_week_active_companies }) : t('platformDashboard.metrics.retention7Day.tooltip')}
                 />
             </div>
 
             {/* Existing Trend Charts */}
             <div style={{ display: 'flex', gap: '20px', flexWrap: 'wrap' }}>
-                <ChartCard title="Companies" tooltip="Cumulative and daily new company registrations" dataKeyTotal="total_companies" dataKeyNew="new_companies" color="#3b82f6" />
-                <ChartCard title="Users" tooltip="Cumulative and daily new user registrations" dataKeyTotal="total_users" dataKeyNew="new_users" color="#10b981" />
-                <ChartCard title="Token Usage" tooltip="Cumulative and daily token consumption across all agents" dataKeyTotal="total_tokens" dataKeyNew="new_tokens" color="#8b5cf6" />
+                <ChartCard title={t('platformDashboard.charts.companies.title')} tooltip={t('platformDashboard.charts.companies.tooltip')} dataKeyTotal="total_companies" dataKeyNew="new_companies" color="#3b82f6" />
+                <ChartCard title={t('platformDashboard.charts.users.title')} tooltip={t('platformDashboard.charts.users.tooltip')} dataKeyTotal="total_users" dataKeyNew="new_users" color="#10b981" />
+                <ChartCard title={t('platformDashboard.charts.tokenUsage.title')} tooltip={t('platformDashboard.charts.tokenUsage.tooltip')} dataKeyTotal="total_tokens" dataKeyNew="new_tokens" color="#8b5cf6" />
             </div>
 
             {/* New Trend Charts: Sessions + Active Users */}
             <div style={{ display: 'flex', gap: '20px', flexWrap: 'wrap' }}>
                 <ChartCard
-                    title="Daily Sessions"
-                    tooltip="Number of new chat sessions created per day and cumulative total"
+                    title={t('platformDashboard.charts.dailySessions.title')}
+                    tooltip={t('platformDashboard.charts.dailySessions.tooltip')}
                     dataKeyTotal="total_sessions"
                     dataKeyNew="new_sessions"
                     color="#f59e0b"
                 />
                 <MultiLineChart
-                    title="Active Users"
-                    tooltip="DAU: distinct users who sent at least 1 message that day. WAU: distinct users active in a rolling 7-day window. MAU: distinct users active in a rolling 30-day window."
+                    title={t('platformDashboard.charts.activeUsers.title')}
+                    tooltip={t('platformDashboard.charts.activeUsers.tooltip')}
                     lines={[
-                        { key: 'dau', name: 'DAU', color: '#10b981' },
-                        { key: 'wau', name: 'WAU', color: '#3b82f6' },
-                        { key: 'mau', name: 'MAU', color: '#8b5cf6' },
+                        { key: 'dau', name: t('platformDashboard.charts.legend.dau'), color: '#10b981' },
+                        { key: 'wau', name: t('platformDashboard.charts.legend.wau'), color: '#3b82f6' },
+                        { key: 'mau', name: t('platformDashboard.charts.legend.mau'), color: '#8b5cf6' },
                     ]}
                 />
             </div>
@@ -512,8 +517,8 @@ export default function PlatformDashboard() {
             {/* Leaderboards */}
             <div style={{ display: 'flex', gap: '20px', flexWrap: 'wrap' }}>
                 <LeaderboardCard
-                    title="Top 20 Companies by Tokens"
-                    tooltip="Companies ranked by total cumulative token consumption across all their agents"
+                    title={t('platformDashboard.leaderboards.topCompanies.title')}
+                    tooltip={t('platformDashboard.leaderboards.topCompanies.tooltip')}
                     items={topCompanies}
                     renderItem={(c, i) => (
                         <div key={i} style={{ display: 'flex', justifyContent: 'space-between', padding: '12px 20px', borderBottom: '1px solid var(--border-subtle)', fontSize: '13px' }}>
@@ -528,8 +533,8 @@ export default function PlatformDashboard() {
                     )}
                 />
                 <LeaderboardCard
-                    title="Top 20 Agents by Tokens"
-                    tooltip="Individual agents ranked by total cumulative token consumption"
+                    title={t('platformDashboard.leaderboards.topAgents.title')}
+                    tooltip={t('platformDashboard.leaderboards.topAgents.tooltip')}
                     items={topAgents}
                     renderItem={(a, i) => (
                         <div key={i} style={{ display: 'flex', justifyContent: 'space-between', padding: '12px 20px', borderBottom: '1px solid var(--border-subtle)', fontSize: '13px' }}>
diff --git a/frontend/src/pages/UserManagement.tsx b/frontend/src/pages/UserManagement.tsx
index b40074a4..1eb2405d 100644
--- a/frontend/src/pages/UserManagement.tsx
+++ b/frontend/src/pages/UserManagement.tsx
@@ -165,24 +165,36 @@ export default function UserManagement() {
     };
 
     const periodLabel = (period: string) => {
-        if (isChinese) {
-            const map: Record<string, string> = { permanent: '永久', daily: '每天', weekly: '每周', monthly: '每月' };
-            return map[period] || period;
-        }
-        return PERIOD_OPTIONS.find(p => p.value === period)?.label || period;
+        const periodMap: Record<string, string> = {
+            permanent: t('enterprise.users.permanent', 'Permanent'),
+            daily: t('enterprise.users.daily', 'Daily'),
+            weekly: t('enterprise.users.weekly', 'Weekly'),
+            monthly: t('enterprise.users.monthly', 'Monthly')
+        };
+        return periodMap[period] || period;
     };
 
     // Role label & styling helpers
     const roleBadge = (role: string) => {
-        const styles: Record<string, { bg: string; color: string; label: string; labelZh: string }> = {
-            platform_admin: { bg: 'rgba(239,68,68,0.12)', color: '#ef4444', label: 'Platform Admin', labelZh: 'Platform Admin' },
-            org_admin:      { bg: 'rgba(168,85,247,0.12)', color: '#a855f7', label: 'Admin', labelZh: 'Admin' },
+        const styles: Record<string, { bg: string; color: string; labelKey: string }> = {
+            platform_admin: { bg: 'rgba(239,68,68,0.12)', color: '#ef4444', labelKey: 'enterprise.users.platformAdmin' },
+            org_admin:      { bg: 'rgba(168,85,247,0.12)', color: '#a855f7', labelKey: 'enterprise.users.orgAdmin' },
         };
         const s = styles[role];
         if (!s) return null;
+        const labelText = t(s.labelKey, role === 'platform_admin' ? 'Platform Admin' : 'Admin');
         return (
-            <span style={{ marginLeft: '6px', fontSize: '10px', background: s.bg, color: s.color, borderRadius: '4px', padding: '1px 6px', fontWeight: 500 }}>
-                {isChinese ? s.labelZh : s.label}
+            <span style={{ 
+                fontSize: '10px', 
+                background: s.bg, 
+                color: s.color, 
+                borderRadius: '4px', 
+                padding: '1px 6px', 
+                fontWeight: 500,
+                lineHeight: '1.3',
+                width: 'fit-content'
+            }}>
+                {labelText}
             </span>
         );
     };
@@ -274,21 +286,21 @@ export default function UserManagement() {
                         gap: '10px', padding: '10px 16px', fontSize: '11px', fontWeight: 600,
                         color: 'var(--text-tertiary)', textTransform: 'uppercase', letterSpacing: '0.05em',
                     }}>
-                        <div>{t('enterprise.users.user', isChinese ? '用户' : 'User')}</div>
+                        <div>{t('enterprise.users.user', 'User')}</div>
                         <div>{t('enterprise.users.email', 'Email')}</div>
                         {/* Created At with sort toggle */}
                         <div
                             style={{ cursor: 'pointer', userSelect: 'none', display: 'flex', alignItems: 'center', gap: '3px' }}
                             onClick={toggleSort}
-                            title={isChinese ? '点击切换排序' : 'Click to toggle sort order'}
+                            title={t('enterprise.users.clickToSort', 'Click to toggle sort order')}
                         >
-                            {isChinese ? '注册时间' : 'Joined'} {sortOrder === 'asc' ? '↑' : '↓'}
+                            {t('enterprise.users.joined', 'Joined')} {sortOrder === 'asc' ? '↑' : '↓'}
                         </div>
-                        <div>{isChinese ? '角色' : 'Role'}</div>
-                        <div>{isChinese ? '来源' : 'Source'}</div>
-                        <div>{t('enterprise.users.msgQuota', isChinese ? '消息配额' : 'Msg Quota')}</div>
-                        <div>{t('enterprise.users.period', isChinese ? '周期' : 'Period')}</div>
-                        <div>{t('enterprise.users.agents', isChinese ? '数字员工' : 'Agents')}</div>
+                        <div>{t('enterprise.users.role', 'Role')}</div>
+                        <div>{t('enterprise.users.source', 'Source')}</div>
+                        <div>{t('enterprise.users.msgQuota', 'Msg Quota')}</div>
+                        <div>{t('enterprise.users.period', 'Period')}</div>
+                        <div>{t('enterprise.users.agents', 'Agents')}</div>
                         <div>{t('enterprise.users.ttl', 'TTL')}</div>
                         <div></div>
                     </div>
@@ -300,8 +312,8 @@ export default function UserManagement() {
                                 gap: '10px', alignItems: 'center', padding: '12px 16px',
                             }}>
                                 <div>
-                                    <div style={{ fontWeight: 500, fontSize: '14px' }}>
-                                        {user.display_name || user.username}
+                                    <div style={{ fontWeight: 500, fontSize: '14px', display: 'flex', flexDirection: 'column', gap: '4px' }}>
+                                        <span>{user.display_name || user.username}</span>
                                         {roleBadge(user.role)}
                                     </div>
                                     <div style={{ fontSize: '11px', color: 'var(--text-tertiary)' }}>@{user.username}</div>
@@ -329,7 +341,7 @@ export default function UserManagement() {
                                         </select>
                                     ) : (
                                         <span style={{ fontSize: '11px', color: 'var(--text-secondary)' }}>
-                                            {user.role === 'platform_admin' ? 'Platform Admin'
+                                            {user.role === 'platform_admin' ? t('enterprise.users.platformAdmin', 'Platform Admin')
                                                 : user.role === 'org_admin' ? 'Admin' : 'Member'}
                                         </span>
                                     )}
@@ -337,11 +349,11 @@ export default function UserManagement() {
                                 <div>
                                     {user.source === 'feishu' ? (
                                         <span style={{ fontSize: '10px', background: 'rgba(58,132,255,0.12)', color: '#3a84ff', borderRadius: '4px', padding: '2px 7px', whiteSpace: 'nowrap' }}>
-                                            飞书
+                                            {t('common.channels.feishu', 'Feishu')}
                                         </span>
                                     ) : (
                                         <span style={{ fontSize: '10px', background: 'rgba(0,180,120,0.12)', color: 'var(--success)', borderRadius: '4px', padding: '2px 7px', whiteSpace: 'nowrap' }}>
-                                            {isChinese ? '注册' : 'Reg'}
+                                            {t('enterprise.users.registered', 'Reg')}
                                         </span>
                                     )}
                                 </div>