diff --git a/main.go b/main.go
index a26b871..4c502ec 100644
--- a/main.go
+++ b/main.go
@@ -28,21 +28,40 @@ import (
 )
 
 var (
-	serverURL         string
-	clientID          string
-	tokenFile         string
-	tokenStoreMode    string
-	flagServerURL     *string
-	flagClientID      *string
-	flagTokenFile     *string
-	flagTokenStore    *string
-	configInitialized bool
-	retryClient       *retry.Client
-	tokenStore        credstore.Store[credstore.Token]
+	serverURL      string
+	clientID       string
+	tokenFile      string
+	tokenStoreMode string
+	flagServerURL  *string
+	flagClientID   *string
+	flagTokenFile  *string
+	flagTokenStore *string
+	configOnce     sync.Once
+	retryClient    *retry.Client
+	tokenStore     credstore.Store[credstore.Token]
 )
 
 const defaultKeyringService = "authgate-device-cli"
 
+// maxResponseBodySize limits HTTP response body reads to prevent memory exhaustion (DoS).
+const maxResponseBodySize = 1 << 20 // 1 MB
+
+// errResponseTooLarge indicates the server returned an oversized response body.
+var errResponseTooLarge = errors.New("response body exceeds maximum allowed size")
+
+// readResponseBody reads the response body up to maxResponseBodySize.
+// Returns errResponseTooLarge if the body exceeds the limit.
+func readResponseBody(body io.Reader) ([]byte, error) {
+	data, err := io.ReadAll(io.LimitReader(body, maxResponseBodySize+1))
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to read response: %w", err)
+	}
+	if int64(len(data)) > maxResponseBodySize {
+		return nil, errResponseTooLarge
+	}
+	return data, nil
+}
+
 // Timeout configuration for different operations
 const (
 	deviceCodeRequestTimeout = 10 * time.Second
@@ -107,11 +126,12 @@ func init() {
 // initConfig parses flags and initializes configuration
 // Separated from init() to avoid conflicts with test flag parsing
 func initConfig() {
-	if configInitialized {
-		return
-	}
-	configInitialized = true
+	configOnce.Do(func() {
+		doInitConfig()
+	})
+}
 
+func doInitConfig() {
 	flag.Parse()
 
 	// Priority: flag > env > default
@@ -438,7 +458,7 @@ func requestDeviceCode(ctx context.Context) (*oauth2.DeviceAuthResponse, error)
 	}
 	defer resp.Body.Close()
 
-	body, err := io.ReadAll(resp.Body)
+	body, err := readResponseBody(resp.Body)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to read response: %w", err)
 	}
@@ -638,7 +658,7 @@ func exchangeDeviceCode(
 	}
 	defer resp.Body.Close()
 
-	body, err := io.ReadAll(resp.Body)
+	body, err := readResponseBody(resp.Body)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to read response: %w", err)
 	}
@@ -696,7 +716,7 @@ func verifyToken(ctx context.Context, accessToken string, d tui.Displayer) error
 	}
 	defer resp.Body.Close()
 
-	body, err := io.ReadAll(resp.Body)
+	body, err := readResponseBody(resp.Body)
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("failed to read response: %w", err)
 	}
@@ -746,7 +766,7 @@ func refreshAccessToken(
 	}
 	defer resp.Body.Close()
 
-	body, err := io.ReadAll(resp.Body)
+	body, err := readResponseBody(resp.Body)
 	if err != nil {
 		return credstore.Token{}, fmt.Errorf("failed to read response: %w", err)
 	}
@@ -871,7 +891,7 @@ func makeAPICallWithAutoRefresh(
 		defer resp.Body.Close()
 	}
 
-	body, err := io.ReadAll(resp.Body)
+	body, err := readResponseBody(resp.Body)
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("failed to read response: %w", err)
 	}
diff --git a/main_test.go b/main_test.go
index fe888ae..27066dd 100644
--- a/main_test.go
+++ b/main_test.go
@@ -1,13 +1,16 @@
 package main
 
 import (
+	"bytes"
 	"context"
 	"encoding/json"
+	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"net/http"
 	"net/http/httptest"
 	"os"
 	"path/filepath"
+	"strings"
 	"sync"
 	"sync/atomic"
 	"testing"
@@ -593,3 +596,81 @@ func TestRequestDeviceCode_WithRetry(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Errorf("Expected 2 attempts (1 retry), got %d", finalCount)
 	}
 }
+
+func TestReadResponseBody_ExactlyAtLimit(t *testing.T) {
+	data := make([]byte, maxResponseBodySize)
+	body, err := readResponseBody(bytes.NewReader(data))
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %v", err)
+	}
+	if len(body) != int(maxResponseBodySize) {
+		t.Errorf("expected %d bytes, got %d", maxResponseBodySize, len(body))
+	}
+}
+
+func TestReadResponseBody_ExceedsLimit(t *testing.T) {
+	data := make([]byte, maxResponseBodySize+1)
+	_, err := readResponseBody(bytes.NewReader(data))
+	if !errors.Is(err, errResponseTooLarge) {
+		t.Errorf("expected errResponseTooLarge, got %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestReadResponseBody_SmallBody(t *testing.T) {
+	expected := "hello world"
+	body, err := readResponseBody(strings.NewReader(expected))
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %v", err)
+	}
+	if string(body) != expected {
+		t.Errorf("expected %q, got %q", expected, string(body))
+	}
+}
+
+func TestReadResponseBody_EmptyBody(t *testing.T) {
+	body, err := readResponseBody(strings.NewReader(""))
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %v", err)
+	}
+	if len(body) != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("expected empty body, got %d bytes", len(body))
+	}
+}
+
+func TestRequestDeviceCode_OversizedResponse(t *testing.T) {
+	// Server that returns a response larger than maxResponseBodySize
+	server := httptest.NewServer(http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, _ *http.Request) {
+		w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
+		w.WriteHeader(http.StatusOK)
+		// Write more than maxResponseBodySize
+		data := make([]byte, maxResponseBodySize+100)
+		for i := range data {
+			data[i] = 'a'
+		}
+		_, _ = w.Write(data)
+	}))
+	defer server.Close()
+
+	oldServerURL := serverURL
+	serverURL = server.URL
+	defer func() { serverURL = oldServerURL }()
+
+	oldClient := retryClient
+	newClient, err := retry.NewBackgroundClient(
+		retry.WithHTTPClient(server.Client()),
+	)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to create retry client: %v", err)
+	}
+	retryClient = newClient
+	defer func() { retryClient = oldClient }()
+
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	_, err = requestDeviceCode(ctx)
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected error for oversized response, got nil")
+	}
+	if !errors.Is(err, errResponseTooLarge) {
+		t.Errorf("expected errResponseTooLarge in error chain, got: %v", err)
+	}
+}