diff --git a/lib/node_modules/@stdlib/plot/vega/title/ctor/lib/main.js b/lib/node_modules/@stdlib/plot/vega/title/ctor/lib/main.js
index 9a9fdfe5c464..17a4bb3d7c37 100644
--- a/lib/node_modules/@stdlib/plot/vega/title/ctor/lib/main.js
+++ b/lib/node_modules/@stdlib/plot/vega/title/ctor/lib/main.js
@@ -396,7 +396,7 @@ setReadWriteAccessor( Title.prototype, 'font', getFont, setFont );
 *
 * @name fontSize
 * @memberof Title.prototype
-* @type {(string|void)}
+* @type {(number|void)}
 *
 * @example
 * var title = new Title({
diff --git a/lib/node_modules/@stdlib/plot/vega/title/ctor/test/test.align.js b/lib/node_modules/@stdlib/plot/vega/title/ctor/test/test.align.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..095b147f4578
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/node_modules/@stdlib/plot/vega/title/ctor/test/test.align.js
@@ -0,0 +1,167 @@
+/**
+* @license Apache-2.0
+*
+* Copyright (c) 2026 The Stdlib Authors.
+*
+* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+* You may obtain a copy of the License at
+*
+*    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+*
+* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+* limitations under the License.
+*/
+
+'use strict';
+
+// MODULES //
+
+var tape = require( 'tape' );
+var hasOwnProp = require( '@stdlib/assert/has-own-property' );
+var isUndefined = require( '@stdlib/assert/is-undefined' );
+var hasProp = require( '@stdlib/assert/has-property' );
+var isString = require( '@stdlib/assert/is-string' );
+var Title = require( './../lib' );
+
+
+// TESTS //
+
+tape( 'main export is a function', function test( t ) {
+	t.ok( true, __filename );
+	t.strictEqual( typeof Title, 'function', 'main export is a function' );
+	t.end();
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor returns an instance which has a `align` property', function test( t ) {
+	var v;
+
+	v = new Title();
+	t.strictEqual( hasOwnProp( v, 'align' ), false, 'returns expected value' );
+	t.strictEqual( hasProp( v, 'align' ), true, 'returns expected value' );
+	t.strictEqual( isUndefined( v.align ), true, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	v = new Title({
+		'align': 'left'
+	});
+	t.strictEqual( isString( v.align ), true, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	t.end();
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor throws an error if provided an invalid `align` option', function test( t ) {
+	var values;
+	var i;
+
+	values = [
+		5,
+		NaN,
+		null,
+		true,
+		false,
+		[],
+		{},
+		function noop() {}
+	];
+	for ( i = 0; i < values.length; i++ ) {
+		t.throws( badValue( values[ i ] ), Error, 'throws an error when provided ' + values[ i ] );
+	}
+	t.end();
+
+	function badValue( value ) {
+		return function badValue() {
+			var title = new Title({ // eslint-disable-line no-unused-vars
+				'align': value
+			});
+		};
+	}
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor returns an instance having a `align` property which throws an error if set to an invalid value', function test( t ) {
+	var values;
+	var i;
+
+	values = [
+		5,
+		NaN,
+		null,
+		true,
+		false,
+		[],
+		{},
+		function noop() {}
+	];
+	for ( i = 0; i < values.length; i++ ) {
+		t.throws( badValue( values[ i ] ), TypeError, 'throws an error when provided ' + values[ i ] );
+	}
+	t.end();
+
+	function badValue( value ) {
+		return function badValue() {
+			var title = new Title();
+			title.align = value;
+		};
+	}
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor returns an instance having a `align` property', function test( t ) {
+	var title;
+
+	title = new Title();
+	t.strictEqual( isUndefined( title.align ), true, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	title = new Title({
+		'align': 'left'
+	});
+	t.strictEqual( title.align, 'left', 'returns expected value' );
+
+	title = new Title({
+		'align': 'top'
+	});
+	t.strictEqual( title.align, 'top', 'returns expected value' );
+
+	t.end();
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor returns an instance having a `align` property which can be set to a valid method', function test( t ) {
+	var title;
+
+	title = new Title();
+
+	title.align = 'left';
+	t.strictEqual( title.align, 'left', 'returns expected value' );
+
+	title.align = 'top';
+	t.strictEqual( title.align, 'top', 'returns expected value' );
+
+	t.end();
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor returns an instance which emits an event when the `align` property is set to a new value', function test( t ) {
+	var title;
+	var count;
+
+	title = new Title();
+	count = 0;
+
+	title.on( 'change', onChange );
+
+	title.align = 'left';
+	t.strictEqual( count, 1, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	title.align = 'top';
+	t.strictEqual( count, 2, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	// Setting to the same value should not emit an event:
+	title.align = 'top';
+	t.strictEqual( count, 2, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	t.end();
+
+	function onChange() {
+		count += 1;
+	}
+});
diff --git a/lib/node_modules/@stdlib/plot/vega/title/ctor/test/test.anchor.js b/lib/node_modules/@stdlib/plot/vega/title/ctor/test/test.anchor.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..01ee3dfd905e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/node_modules/@stdlib/plot/vega/title/ctor/test/test.anchor.js
@@ -0,0 +1,167 @@
+/**
+* @license Apache-2.0
+*
+* Copyright (c) 2026 The Stdlib Authors.
+*
+* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+* You may obtain a copy of the License at
+*
+*    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+*
+* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+* limitations under the License.
+*/
+
+'use strict';
+
+// MODULES //
+
+var tape = require( 'tape' );
+var hasOwnProp = require( '@stdlib/assert/has-own-property' );
+var hasProp = require( '@stdlib/assert/has-property' );
+var isString = require( '@stdlib/assert/is-string' );
+var Title = require( './../lib' );
+
+
+// TESTS //
+
+tape( 'main export is a function', function test( t ) {
+	t.ok( true, __filename );
+	t.strictEqual( typeof Title, 'function', 'main export is a function' );
+	t.end();
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor returns an instance which has a `anchor` property', function test( t ) {
+	var v;
+
+	v = new Title();
+	t.strictEqual( hasOwnProp( v, 'anchor' ), false, 'returns expected value' );
+	t.strictEqual( hasProp( v, 'anchor' ), true, 'returns expected value' );
+	t.strictEqual( isString( v.anchor ), true, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	t.end();
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor throws an error if provided an invalid `anchor` option', function test( t ) {
+	var values;
+	var i;
+
+	values = [
+		'beep',
+		'boop',
+		'START',
+		5,
+		NaN,
+		null,
+		true,
+		false,
+		[],
+		{},
+		function noop() {}
+	];
+	for ( i = 0; i < values.length; i++ ) {
+		t.throws( badValue( values[ i ] ), Error, 'throws an error when provided ' + values[ i ] );
+	}
+	t.end();
+
+	function badValue( value ) {
+		return function badValue() {
+			var title = new Title({ // eslint-disable-line no-unused-vars
+				'anchor': value
+			});
+		};
+	}
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor returns an instance having a `anchor` property which throws an error if set to an invalid value', function test( t ) {
+	var values;
+	var i;
+
+	values = [
+		'beep',
+		'boop',
+		'START',
+		5,
+		NaN,
+		null,
+		true,
+		false,
+		[],
+		{},
+		function noop() {}
+	];
+	for ( i = 0; i < values.length; i++ ) {
+		t.throws( badValue( values[ i ] ), TypeError, 'throws an error when provided ' + values[ i ] );
+	}
+	t.end();
+
+	function badValue( value ) {
+		return function badValue() {
+			var title = new Title();
+			title.anchor = value;
+		};
+	}
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor returns an instance having a `anchor` property', function test( t ) {
+	var title;
+
+	title = new Title();
+	t.strictEqual( title.anchor, 'middle', 'returns expected value' );
+
+	title = new Title({
+		'anchor': 'start'
+	});
+	t.strictEqual( title.anchor, 'start', 'returns expected value' );
+
+	title = new Title({
+		'anchor': 'end'
+	});
+	t.strictEqual( title.anchor, 'end', 'returns expected value' );
+
+	t.end();
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor returns an instance having a `anchor` property which can be set to a valid method', function test( t ) {
+	var title;
+
+	title = new Title();
+
+	title.anchor = 'start';
+	t.strictEqual( title.anchor, 'start', 'returns expected value' );
+
+	title.anchor = 'end';
+	t.strictEqual( title.anchor, 'end', 'returns expected value' );
+
+	t.end();
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor returns an instance which emits an event when the `anchor` property is set to a new value', function test( t ) {
+	var title;
+	var count;
+
+	title = new Title();
+	count = 0;
+
+	title.on( 'change', onChange );
+
+	title.anchor = 'start';
+	t.strictEqual( count, 1, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	title.anchor = 'end';
+	t.strictEqual( count, 2, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	// Setting to the same value should not emit an event:
+	title.anchor = 'end';
+	t.strictEqual( count, 2, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	t.end();
+
+	function onChange() {
+		count += 1;
+	}
+});
diff --git a/lib/node_modules/@stdlib/plot/vega/title/ctor/test/test.angle.js b/lib/node_modules/@stdlib/plot/vega/title/ctor/test/test.angle.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..96097ddfc3ee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/node_modules/@stdlib/plot/vega/title/ctor/test/test.angle.js
@@ -0,0 +1,167 @@
+/**
+* @license Apache-2.0
+*
+* Copyright (c) 2026 The Stdlib Authors.
+*
+* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+* You may obtain a copy of the License at
+*
+*    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+*
+* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+* limitations under the License.
+*/
+
+'use strict';
+
+// MODULES //
+
+var tape = require( 'tape' );
+var hasOwnProp = require( '@stdlib/assert/has-own-property' );
+var isUndefined = require( '@stdlib/assert/is-undefined' );
+var hasProp = require( '@stdlib/assert/has-property' );
+var isNumber = require( '@stdlib/assert/is-number' );
+var Title = require( './../lib' );
+
+
+// TESTS //
+
+tape( 'main export is a function', function test( t ) {
+	t.ok( true, __filename );
+	t.strictEqual( typeof Title, 'function', 'main export is a function' );
+	t.end();
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor returns an instance which has a `angle` property', function test( t ) {
+	var v;
+
+	v = new Title();
+	t.strictEqual( hasOwnProp( v, 'angle' ), false, 'returns expected value' );
+	t.strictEqual( hasProp( v, 'angle' ), true, 'returns expected value' );
+	t.strictEqual( isUndefined( v.angle ), true, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	v = new Title({
+		'angle': 90
+	});
+	t.strictEqual( isNumber( v.angle ), true, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	t.end();
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor throws an error if provided an invalid `angle` option', function test( t ) {
+	var values;
+	var i;
+
+	values = [
+		'beep',
+		'boop',
+		null,
+		true,
+		false,
+		[],
+		{},
+		function noop() {}
+	];
+	for ( i = 0; i < values.length; i++ ) {
+		t.throws( badValue( values[ i ] ), Error, 'throws an error when provided ' + values[ i ] );
+	}
+	t.end();
+
+	function badValue( value ) {
+		return function badValue() {
+			var title = new Title({ // eslint-disable-line no-unused-vars
+				'angle': value
+			});
+		};
+	}
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor returns an instance having a `angle` property which throws an error if set to an invalid value', function test( t ) {
+	var values;
+	var i;
+
+	values = [
+		'beep',
+		'boop',
+		null,
+		true,
+		false,
+		[],
+		{},
+		function noop() {}
+	];
+	for ( i = 0; i < values.length; i++ ) {
+		t.throws( badValue( values[ i ] ), TypeError, 'throws an error when provided ' + values[ i ] );
+	}
+	t.end();
+
+	function badValue( value ) {
+		return function badValue() {
+			var title = new Title();
+			title.angle = value;
+		};
+	}
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor returns an instance having a `angle` property', function test( t ) {
+	var title;
+
+	title = new Title();
+	t.strictEqual( isUndefined( title.angle ), true, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	title = new Title({
+		'angle': 90
+	});
+	t.strictEqual( title.angle, 90, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	title = new Title({
+		'angle': 180
+	});
+	t.strictEqual( title.angle, 180, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	t.end();
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor returns an instance having a `angle` property which can be set to a valid method', function test( t ) {
+	var title;
+
+	title = new Title();
+
+	title.angle = 90;
+	t.strictEqual( title.angle, 90, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	title.angle = 180;
+	t.strictEqual( title.angle, 180, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	t.end();
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor returns an instance which emits an event when the `angle` property is set to a new value', function test( t ) {
+	var title;
+	var count;
+
+	title = new Title();
+	count = 0;
+
+	title.on( 'change', onChange );
+
+	title.angle = 90;
+	t.strictEqual( count, 1, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	title.angle = 180;
+	t.strictEqual( count, 2, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	// Setting to the same value should not emit an event:
+	title.angle = 180;
+	t.strictEqual( count, 2, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	t.end();
+
+	function onChange() {
+		count += 1;
+	}
+});
diff --git a/lib/node_modules/@stdlib/plot/vega/title/ctor/test/test.aria.js b/lib/node_modules/@stdlib/plot/vega/title/ctor/test/test.aria.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..b4496bca501d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/node_modules/@stdlib/plot/vega/title/ctor/test/test.aria.js
@@ -0,0 +1,160 @@
+/**
+* @license Apache-2.0
+*
+* Copyright (c) 2026 The Stdlib Authors.
+*
+* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+* You may obtain a copy of the License at
+*
+*    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+*
+* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+* limitations under the License.
+*/
+
+'use strict';
+
+// MODULES //
+
+var tape = require( 'tape' );
+var hasOwnProp = require( '@stdlib/assert/has-own-property' );
+var hasProp = require( '@stdlib/assert/has-property' );
+var isBoolean = require( '@stdlib/assert/is-boolean' );
+var Title = require( './../lib' );
+
+
+// TESTS //
+
+tape( 'main export is a function', function test( t ) {
+	t.ok( true, __filename );
+	t.strictEqual( typeof Title, 'function', 'main export is a function' );
+	t.end();
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor returns an instance which has a `aria` property', function test( t ) {
+	var v;
+
+	v = new Title();
+	t.strictEqual( hasOwnProp( v, 'aria' ), false, 'returns expected value' );
+	t.strictEqual( hasProp( v, 'aria' ), true, 'returns expected value' );
+	t.strictEqual( isBoolean( v.aria ), true, 'returns expected value' );
+	t.end();
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor throws an error if provided an invalid `aria` option', function test( t ) {
+	var values;
+	var i;
+
+	values = [
+		'5',
+		5,
+		NaN,
+		null,
+		void 0,
+		[],
+		{},
+		function noop() {}
+	];
+	for ( i = 0; i < values.length; i++ ) {
+		t.throws( badValue( values[ i ] ), Error, 'throws an error when provided ' + values[ i ] );
+	}
+	t.end();
+
+	function badValue( value ) {
+		return function badValue() {
+			var title = new Title({ // eslint-disable-line no-unused-vars
+				'aria': value
+			});
+		};
+	}
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor returns an instance having a `aria` property which throws an error if set to a non-boolean value', function test( t ) {
+	var values;
+	var i;
+
+	values = [
+		'5',
+		5,
+		NaN,
+		null,
+		void 0,
+		[],
+		{},
+		function noop() {}
+	];
+	for ( i = 0; i < values.length; i++ ) {
+		t.throws( badValue( values[ i ] ), TypeError, 'throws an error when provided ' + values[ i ] );
+	}
+	t.end();
+
+	function badValue( value ) {
+		return function badValue() {
+			var title = new Title();
+			title.aria = value;
+		};
+	}
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor returns an instance having a `aria` property', function test( t ) {
+	var title;
+
+	title = new Title();
+	t.strictEqual( title.aria, true, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	title = new Title({
+		'aria': false
+	});
+	t.strictEqual( title.aria, false, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	title = new Title({
+		'aria': true
+	});
+	t.strictEqual( title.aria, true, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	t.end();
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor returns an instance having a `aria` property which can be set to a boolean', function test( t ) {
+	var title;
+
+	title = new Title();
+
+	title.aria = true;
+	t.strictEqual( title.aria, true, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	title.aria = false;
+	t.strictEqual( title.aria, false, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	t.end();
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor returns an instance which emits an event when the `aria` property is set to a new value', function test( t ) {
+	var title;
+	var count;
+
+	title = new Title();
+	count = 0;
+
+	title.on( 'change', onChange );
+
+	title.aria = false;
+	t.strictEqual( count, 1, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	title.aria = true;
+	t.strictEqual( count, 2, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	// Setting to the same value should not emit an event:
+	title.aria = true;
+	t.strictEqual( count, 2, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	t.end();
+
+	function onChange() {
+		count += 1;
+	}
+});
diff --git a/lib/node_modules/@stdlib/plot/vega/title/ctor/test/test.baseline.js b/lib/node_modules/@stdlib/plot/vega/title/ctor/test/test.baseline.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..a37803d3bae3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/node_modules/@stdlib/plot/vega/title/ctor/test/test.baseline.js
@@ -0,0 +1,167 @@
+/**
+* @license Apache-2.0
+*
+* Copyright (c) 2026 The Stdlib Authors.
+*
+* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+* You may obtain a copy of the License at
+*
+*    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+*
+* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+* limitations under the License.
+*/
+
+'use strict';
+
+// MODULES //
+
+var tape = require( 'tape' );
+var hasOwnProp = require( '@stdlib/assert/has-own-property' );
+var isUndefined = require( '@stdlib/assert/is-undefined' );
+var hasProp = require( '@stdlib/assert/has-property' );
+var isString = require( '@stdlib/assert/is-string' );
+var Title = require( './../lib' );
+
+
+// TESTS //
+
+tape( 'main export is a function', function test( t ) {
+	t.ok( true, __filename );
+	t.strictEqual( typeof Title, 'function', 'main export is a function' );
+	t.end();
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor returns an instance which has a `baseline` property', function test( t ) {
+	var v;
+
+	v = new Title();
+	t.strictEqual( hasOwnProp( v, 'baseline' ), false, 'returns expected value' );
+	t.strictEqual( hasProp( v, 'baseline' ), true, 'returns expected value' );
+	t.strictEqual( isUndefined( v.baseline ), true, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	v = new Title({
+		'baseline': 'top'
+	});
+	t.strictEqual( isString( v.baseline ), true, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	t.end();
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor throws an error if provided an invalid `baseline` option', function test( t ) {
+	var values;
+	var i;
+
+	values = [
+		5,
+		NaN,
+		null,
+		true,
+		false,
+		[],
+		{},
+		function noop() {}
+	];
+	for ( i = 0; i < values.length; i++ ) {
+		t.throws( badValue( values[ i ] ), Error, 'throws an error when provided ' + values[ i ] );
+	}
+	t.end();
+
+	function badValue( value ) {
+		return function badValue() {
+			var title = new Title({ // eslint-disable-line no-unused-vars
+				'baseline': value
+			});
+		};
+	}
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor returns an instance having a `baseline` property which throws an error if set to an invalid value', function test( t ) {
+	var values;
+	var i;
+
+	values = [
+		5,
+		NaN,
+		null,
+		true,
+		false,
+		[],
+		{},
+		function noop() {}
+	];
+	for ( i = 0; i < values.length; i++ ) {
+		t.throws( badValue( values[ i ] ), TypeError, 'throws an error when provided ' + values[ i ] );
+	}
+	t.end();
+
+	function badValue( value ) {
+		return function badValue() {
+			var title = new Title();
+			title.baseline = value;
+		};
+	}
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor returns an instance having a `baseline` property', function test( t ) {
+	var title;
+
+	title = new Title();
+	t.strictEqual( isUndefined( title.baseline ), true, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	title = new Title({
+		'baseline': 'top'
+	});
+	t.strictEqual( title.baseline, 'top', 'returns expected value' );
+
+	title = new Title({
+		'baseline': 'bottom'
+	});
+	t.strictEqual( title.baseline, 'bottom', 'returns expected value' );
+
+	t.end();
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor returns an instance having a `baseline` property which can be set to a valid method', function test( t ) {
+	var title;
+
+	title = new Title();
+
+	title.baseline = 'top';
+	t.strictEqual( title.baseline, 'top', 'returns expected value' );
+
+	title.baseline = 'bottom';
+	t.strictEqual( title.baseline, 'bottom', 'returns expected value' );
+
+	t.end();
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor returns an instance which emits an event when the `baseline` property is set to a new value', function test( t ) {
+	var title;
+	var count;
+
+	title = new Title();
+	count = 0;
+
+	title.on( 'change', onChange );
+
+	title.baseline = 'bottom';
+	t.strictEqual( count, 1, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	title.baseline = 'top';
+	t.strictEqual( count, 2, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	// Setting to the same value should not emit an event:
+	title.baseline = 'top';
+	t.strictEqual( count, 2, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	t.end();
+
+	function onChange() {
+		count += 1;
+	}
+});
diff --git a/lib/node_modules/@stdlib/plot/vega/title/ctor/test/test.color.js b/lib/node_modules/@stdlib/plot/vega/title/ctor/test/test.color.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..5d2d5abd4438
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/node_modules/@stdlib/plot/vega/title/ctor/test/test.color.js
@@ -0,0 +1,167 @@
+/**
+* @license Apache-2.0
+*
+* Copyright (c) 2026 The Stdlib Authors.
+*
+* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+* You may obtain a copy of the License at
+*
+*    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+*
+* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+* limitations under the License.
+*/
+
+'use strict';
+
+// MODULES //
+
+var tape = require( 'tape' );
+var hasOwnProp = require( '@stdlib/assert/has-own-property' );
+var isUndefined = require( '@stdlib/assert/is-undefined' );
+var hasProp = require( '@stdlib/assert/has-property' );
+var isString = require( '@stdlib/assert/is-string' );
+var Title = require( './../lib' );
+
+
+// TESTS //
+
+tape( 'main export is a function', function test( t ) {
+	t.ok( true, __filename );
+	t.strictEqual( typeof Title, 'function', 'main export is a function' );
+	t.end();
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor returns an instance which has a `color` property', function test( t ) {
+	var v;
+
+	v = new Title();
+	t.strictEqual( hasOwnProp( v, 'color' ), false, 'returns expected value' );
+	t.strictEqual( hasProp( v, 'color' ), true, 'returns expected value' );
+	t.strictEqual( isUndefined( v.color ), true, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	v = new Title({
+		'color': 'red'
+	});
+	t.strictEqual( isString( v.color ), true, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	t.end();
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor throws an error if provided an invalid `color` option', function test( t ) {
+	var values;
+	var i;
+
+	values = [
+		5,
+		NaN,
+		null,
+		true,
+		false,
+		[],
+		{},
+		function noop() {}
+	];
+	for ( i = 0; i < values.length; i++ ) {
+		t.throws( badValue( values[ i ] ), Error, 'throws an error when provided ' + values[ i ] );
+	}
+	t.end();
+
+	function badValue( value ) {
+		return function badValue() {
+			var title = new Title({ // eslint-disable-line no-unused-vars
+				'color': value
+			});
+		};
+	}
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor returns an instance having a `color` property which throws an error if set to an invalid value', function test( t ) {
+	var values;
+	var i;
+
+	values = [
+		5,
+		NaN,
+		null,
+		true,
+		false,
+		[],
+		{},
+		function noop() {}
+	];
+	for ( i = 0; i < values.length; i++ ) {
+		t.throws( badValue( values[ i ] ), TypeError, 'throws an error when provided ' + values[ i ] );
+	}
+	t.end();
+
+	function badValue( value ) {
+		return function badValue() {
+			var title = new Title();
+			title.color = value;
+		};
+	}
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor returns an instance having a `color` property', function test( t ) {
+	var title;
+
+	title = new Title();
+	t.strictEqual( isUndefined( title.color ), true, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	title = new Title({
+		'color': 'steelblue'
+	});
+	t.strictEqual( title.color, 'steelblue', 'returns expected value' );
+
+	title = new Title({
+		'color': 'red'
+	});
+	t.strictEqual( title.color, 'red', 'returns expected value' );
+
+	t.end();
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor returns an instance having a `color` property which can be set to a valid method', function test( t ) {
+	var title;
+
+	title = new Title();
+
+	title.color = 'steelblue';
+	t.strictEqual( title.color, 'steelblue', 'returns expected value' );
+
+	title.color = 'red';
+	t.strictEqual( title.color, 'red', 'returns expected value' );
+
+	t.end();
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor returns an instance which emits an event when the `color` property is set to a new value', function test( t ) {
+	var title;
+	var count;
+
+	title = new Title();
+	count = 0;
+
+	title.on( 'change', onChange );
+
+	title.color = 'red';
+	t.strictEqual( count, 1, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	title.color = 'steelblue';
+	t.strictEqual( count, 2, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	// Setting to the same value should not emit an event:
+	title.color = 'steelblue';
+	t.strictEqual( count, 2, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	t.end();
+
+	function onChange() {
+		count += 1;
+	}
+});
diff --git a/lib/node_modules/@stdlib/plot/vega/title/ctor/test/test.dx.js b/lib/node_modules/@stdlib/plot/vega/title/ctor/test/test.dx.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..16a6d4bef6e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/node_modules/@stdlib/plot/vega/title/ctor/test/test.dx.js
@@ -0,0 +1,167 @@
+/**
+* @license Apache-2.0
+*
+* Copyright (c) 2026 The Stdlib Authors.
+*
+* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+* You may obtain a copy of the License at
+*
+*    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+*
+* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+* limitations under the License.
+*/
+
+'use strict';
+
+// MODULES //
+
+var tape = require( 'tape' );
+var hasOwnProp = require( '@stdlib/assert/has-own-property' );
+var isUndefined = require( '@stdlib/assert/is-undefined' );
+var hasProp = require( '@stdlib/assert/has-property' );
+var isNumber = require( '@stdlib/assert/is-number' );
+var Title = require( './../lib' );
+
+
+// TESTS //
+
+tape( 'main export is a function', function test( t ) {
+	t.ok( true, __filename );
+	t.strictEqual( typeof Title, 'function', 'main export is a function' );
+	t.end();
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor returns an instance which has a `dx` property', function test( t ) {
+	var v;
+
+	v = new Title();
+	t.strictEqual( hasOwnProp( v, 'dx' ), false, 'returns expected value' );
+	t.strictEqual( hasProp( v, 'dx' ), true, 'returns expected value' );
+	t.strictEqual( isUndefined( v.dx ), true, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	v = new Title({
+		'dx': 2
+	});
+	t.strictEqual( isNumber( v.dx ), true, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	t.end();
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor throws an error if provided an invalid `dx` option', function test( t ) {
+	var values;
+	var i;
+
+	values = [
+		'beep',
+		'boop',
+		null,
+		true,
+		false,
+		[],
+		{},
+		function noop() {}
+	];
+	for ( i = 0; i < values.length; i++ ) {
+		t.throws( badValue( values[ i ] ), Error, 'throws an error when provided ' + values[ i ] );
+	}
+	t.end();
+
+	function badValue( value ) {
+		return function badValue() {
+			var title = new Title({ // eslint-disable-line no-unused-vars
+				'dx': value
+			});
+		};
+	}
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor returns an instance having a `dx` property which throws an error if set to an invalid value', function test( t ) {
+	var values;
+	var i;
+
+	values = [
+		'beep',
+		'boop',
+		null,
+		true,
+		false,
+		[],
+		{},
+		function noop() {}
+	];
+	for ( i = 0; i < values.length; i++ ) {
+		t.throws( badValue( values[ i ] ), TypeError, 'throws an error when provided ' + values[ i ] );
+	}
+	t.end();
+
+	function badValue( value ) {
+		return function badValue() {
+			var title = new Title();
+			title.dx = value;
+		};
+	}
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor returns an instance having a `dx` property', function test( t ) {
+	var title;
+
+	title = new Title();
+	t.strictEqual( isUndefined( title.dx ), true, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	title = new Title({
+		'dx': 2
+	});
+	t.strictEqual( title.dx, 2, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	title = new Title({
+		'dx': 4
+	});
+	t.strictEqual( title.dx, 4, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	t.end();
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor returns an instance having a `dx` property which can be set to a valid method', function test( t ) {
+	var title;
+
+	title = new Title();
+
+	title.dx = 2;
+	t.strictEqual( title.dx, 2, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	title.dx = 4;
+	t.strictEqual( title.dx, 4, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	t.end();
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor returns an instance which emits an event when the `dx` property is set to a new value', function test( t ) {
+	var title;
+	var count;
+
+	title = new Title();
+	count = 0;
+
+	title.on( 'change', onChange );
+
+	title.dx = 2;
+	t.strictEqual( count, 1, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	title.dx = 4;
+	t.strictEqual( count, 2, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	// Setting to the same value should not emit an event:
+	title.dx = 4;
+	t.strictEqual( count, 2, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	t.end();
+
+	function onChange() {
+		count += 1;
+	}
+});
diff --git a/lib/node_modules/@stdlib/plot/vega/title/ctor/test/test.dy.js b/lib/node_modules/@stdlib/plot/vega/title/ctor/test/test.dy.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..40905c38aaf2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/node_modules/@stdlib/plot/vega/title/ctor/test/test.dy.js
@@ -0,0 +1,167 @@
+/**
+* @license Apache-2.0
+*
+* Copyright (c) 2026 The Stdlib Authors.
+*
+* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+* You may obtain a copy of the License at
+*
+*    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+*
+* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+* limitations under the License.
+*/
+
+'use strict';
+
+// MODULES //
+
+var tape = require( 'tape' );
+var hasOwnProp = require( '@stdlib/assert/has-own-property' );
+var isUndefined = require( '@stdlib/assert/is-undefined' );
+var hasProp = require( '@stdlib/assert/has-property' );
+var isNumber = require( '@stdlib/assert/is-number' );
+var Title = require( './../lib' );
+
+
+// TESTS //
+
+tape( 'main export is a function', function test( t ) {
+	t.ok( true, __filename );
+	t.strictEqual( typeof Title, 'function', 'main export is a function' );
+	t.end();
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor returns an instance which has a `dy` property', function test( t ) {
+	var v;
+
+	v = new Title();
+	t.strictEqual( hasOwnProp( v, 'dy' ), false, 'returns expected value' );
+	t.strictEqual( hasProp( v, 'dy' ), true, 'returns expected value' );
+	t.strictEqual( isUndefined( v.dy ), true, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	v = new Title({
+		'dy': 2
+	});
+	t.strictEqual( isNumber( v.dy ), true, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	t.end();
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor throws an error if provided an invalid `dy` option', function test( t ) {
+	var values;
+	var i;
+
+	values = [
+		'beep',
+		'boop',
+		null,
+		true,
+		false,
+		[],
+		{},
+		function noop() {}
+	];
+	for ( i = 0; i < values.length; i++ ) {
+		t.throws( badValue( values[ i ] ), Error, 'throws an error when provided ' + values[ i ] );
+	}
+	t.end();
+
+	function badValue( value ) {
+		return function badValue() {
+			var title = new Title({ // eslint-disable-line no-unused-vars
+				'dy': value
+			});
+		};
+	}
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor returns an instance having a `dy` property which throws an error if set to an invalid value', function test( t ) {
+	var values;
+	var i;
+
+	values = [
+		'beep',
+		'boop',
+		null,
+		true,
+		false,
+		[],
+		{},
+		function noop() {}
+	];
+	for ( i = 0; i < values.length; i++ ) {
+		t.throws( badValue( values[ i ] ), TypeError, 'throws an error when provided ' + values[ i ] );
+	}
+	t.end();
+
+	function badValue( value ) {
+		return function badValue() {
+			var title = new Title();
+			title.dy = value;
+		};
+	}
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor returns an instance having a `dy` property', function test( t ) {
+	var title;
+
+	title = new Title();
+	t.strictEqual( isUndefined( title.dy ), true, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	title = new Title({
+		'dy': 2
+	});
+	t.strictEqual( title.dy, 2, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	title = new Title({
+		'dy': 4
+	});
+	t.strictEqual( title.dy, 4, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	t.end();
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor returns an instance having a `dy` property which can be set to a valid method', function test( t ) {
+	var title;
+
+	title = new Title();
+
+	title.dy = 2;
+	t.strictEqual( title.dy, 2, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	title.dy = 4;
+	t.strictEqual( title.dy, 4, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	t.end();
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor returns an instance which emits an event when the `dy` property is set to a new value', function test( t ) {
+	var title;
+	var count;
+
+	title = new Title();
+	count = 0;
+
+	title.on( 'change', onChange );
+
+	title.dy = 2;
+	t.strictEqual( count, 1, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	title.dy = 4;
+	t.strictEqual( count, 2, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	// Setting to the same value should not emit an event:
+	title.dy = 4;
+	t.strictEqual( count, 2, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	t.end();
+
+	function onChange() {
+		count += 1;
+	}
+});
diff --git a/lib/node_modules/@stdlib/plot/vega/title/ctor/test/test.encode.js b/lib/node_modules/@stdlib/plot/vega/title/ctor/test/test.encode.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..03f84d0a9140
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/node_modules/@stdlib/plot/vega/title/ctor/test/test.encode.js
@@ -0,0 +1,230 @@
+/**
+* @license Apache-2.0
+*
+* Copyright (c) 2026 The Stdlib Authors.
+*
+* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+* You may obtain a copy of the License at
+*
+*    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+*
+* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+* limitations under the License.
+*/
+
+'use strict';
+
+// MODULES //
+
+var tape = require( 'tape' );
+var hasOwnProp = require( '@stdlib/assert/has-own-property' );
+var isUndefined = require( '@stdlib/assert/is-undefined' );
+var hasProp = require( '@stdlib/assert/has-property' );
+var isObject = require( '@stdlib/assert/is-object' );
+var Title = require( './../lib' );
+
+
+// TESTS //
+
+tape( 'main export is a function', function test( t ) {
+	t.ok( true, __filename );
+	t.strictEqual( typeof Title, 'function', 'main export is a function' );
+	t.end();
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor returns an instance which has a `encode` property', function test( t ) {
+	var v;
+
+	v = new Title();
+	t.strictEqual( hasOwnProp( v, 'encode' ), false, 'returns expected value' );
+	t.strictEqual( hasProp( v, 'encode' ), true, 'returns expected value' );
+	t.strictEqual( isUndefined( v.encode ), true, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	v = new Title({
+		'encode': {
+			'title': {
+				'enter': {
+					'fill': {
+						'value': 'steelblue'
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	});
+	t.strictEqual( isObject( v.encode ), true, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	t.end();
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor throws an error if provided an invalid `encode` option', function test( t ) {
+	var values;
+	var i;
+
+	values = [
+		5,
+		'beep',
+		'boop',
+		NaN,
+		null,
+		true,
+		false,
+		[],
+		function noop() {}
+	];
+	for ( i = 0; i < values.length; i++ ) {
+		t.throws( badValue( values[ i ] ), Error, 'throws an error when provided ' + values[ i ] );
+	}
+	t.end();
+
+	function badValue( value ) {
+		return function badValue() {
+			var title = new Title({ // eslint-disable-line no-unused-vars
+				'encode': value
+			});
+		};
+	}
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor returns an instance having a `encode` property which throws an error if set to an invalid value', function test( t ) {
+	var values;
+	var i;
+
+	values = [
+		5,
+		'beep',
+		'boop',
+		NaN,
+		null,
+		true,
+		false,
+		[],
+		function noop() {}
+	];
+	for ( i = 0; i < values.length; i++ ) {
+		t.throws( badValue( values[ i ] ), TypeError, 'throws an error when provided ' + values[ i ] );
+	}
+	t.end();
+
+	function badValue( value ) {
+		return function badValue() {
+			var title = new Title();
+			title.encode = value;
+		};
+	}
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor returns an instance having a `encode` property', function test( t ) {
+	var expected;
+	var title;
+
+	title = new Title();
+	t.strictEqual( isUndefined( title.encode ), true, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	title = new Title({
+		'encode': {
+			'title': {
+				'enter': {
+					'fill': {
+						'value': 'steelblue'
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	});
+
+	expected = {
+		'encode': {
+			'title': {
+				'enter': {
+					'fill': {
+						'value': 'steelblue'
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	};
+	t.deepEqual( title.encode, expected.encode, 'returns expected value' );
+	t.end();
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor returns an instance having a `encode` property which can be set to a valid method', function test( t ) {
+	var expected;
+	var title;
+
+	title = new Title();
+
+	title.encode = {
+		'title': {
+			'enter': {
+				'fill': {
+					'value': 'steelblue'
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	};
+
+	expected = {
+		'encode': {
+			'title': {
+				'enter': {
+					'fill': {
+						'value': 'steelblue'
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	};
+	t.deepEqual( title.encode, expected.encode, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	t.end();
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor returns an instance which emits an event when the `encode` property is set to a new value', function test( t ) {
+	var title;
+	var count;
+	var obj1;
+	var obj2;
+
+	title = new Title();
+	count = 0;
+
+	title.on( 'change', onChange );
+
+	obj1 = {
+		'title': {
+			'enter': {
+				'fill': {
+					'value': 'steelblue'
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	};
+	title.encode = obj1;
+	t.strictEqual( count, 1, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	obj2 = {
+		'title': {
+			'enter': {
+				'fill': {
+					'value': 'red'
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	};
+	title.encode = obj2;
+	t.strictEqual( count, 2, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	// Setting to the same value should not emit an event:
+	title.encode = obj2;
+	t.strictEqual( count, 2, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	t.end();
+
+	function onChange() {
+		count += 1;
+	}
+});
diff --git a/lib/node_modules/@stdlib/plot/vega/title/ctor/test/test.font.js b/lib/node_modules/@stdlib/plot/vega/title/ctor/test/test.font.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..dffc122db8bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/node_modules/@stdlib/plot/vega/title/ctor/test/test.font.js
@@ -0,0 +1,167 @@
+/**
+* @license Apache-2.0
+*
+* Copyright (c) 2026 The Stdlib Authors.
+*
+* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+* You may obtain a copy of the License at
+*
+*    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+*
+* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+* limitations under the License.
+*/
+
+'use strict';
+
+// MODULES //
+
+var tape = require( 'tape' );
+var hasOwnProp = require( '@stdlib/assert/has-own-property' );
+var isUndefined = require( '@stdlib/assert/is-undefined' );
+var hasProp = require( '@stdlib/assert/has-property' );
+var isString = require( '@stdlib/assert/is-string' );
+var Title = require( './../lib' );
+
+
+// TESTS //
+
+tape( 'main export is a function', function test( t ) {
+	t.ok( true, __filename );
+	t.strictEqual( typeof Title, 'function', 'main export is a function' );
+	t.end();
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor returns an instance which has a `font` property', function test( t ) {
+	var v;
+
+	v = new Title();
+	t.strictEqual( hasOwnProp( v, 'font' ), false, 'returns expected value' );
+	t.strictEqual( hasProp( v, 'font' ), true, 'returns expected value' );
+	t.strictEqual( isUndefined( v.font ), true, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	v = new Title({
+		'font': 'Arial'
+	});
+	t.strictEqual( isString( v.font ), true, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	t.end();
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor throws an error if provided an invalid `font` option', function test( t ) {
+	var values;
+	var i;
+
+	values = [
+		5,
+		NaN,
+		null,
+		true,
+		false,
+		[],
+		{},
+		function noop() {}
+	];
+	for ( i = 0; i < values.length; i++ ) {
+		t.throws( badValue( values[ i ] ), Error, 'throws an error when provided ' + values[ i ] );
+	}
+	t.end();
+
+	function badValue( value ) {
+		return function badValue() {
+			var title = new Title({ // eslint-disable-line no-unused-vars
+				'font': value
+			});
+		};
+	}
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor returns an instance having a `font` property which throws an error if set to an invalid value', function test( t ) {
+	var values;
+	var i;
+
+	values = [
+		5,
+		NaN,
+		null,
+		true,
+		false,
+		[],
+		{},
+		function noop() {}
+	];
+	for ( i = 0; i < values.length; i++ ) {
+		t.throws( badValue( values[ i ] ), TypeError, 'throws an error when provided ' + values[ i ] );
+	}
+	t.end();
+
+	function badValue( value ) {
+		return function badValue() {
+			var title = new Title();
+			title.font = value;
+		};
+	}
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor returns an instance having a `font` property', function test( t ) {
+	var title;
+
+	title = new Title();
+	t.strictEqual( isUndefined( title.font ), true, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	title = new Title({
+		'font': 'Arial'
+	});
+	t.strictEqual( title.font, 'Arial', 'returns expected value' );
+
+	title = new Title({
+		'font': 'Sans'
+	});
+	t.strictEqual( title.font, 'Sans', 'returns expected value' );
+
+	t.end();
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor returns an instance having a `font` property which can be set to a valid method', function test( t ) {
+	var title;
+
+	title = new Title();
+
+	title.font = 'Arial';
+	t.strictEqual( title.font, 'Arial', 'returns expected value' );
+
+	title.font = 'Sans';
+	t.strictEqual( title.font, 'Sans', 'returns expected value' );
+
+	t.end();
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor returns an instance which emits an event when the `font` property is set to a new value', function test( t ) {
+	var title;
+	var count;
+
+	title = new Title();
+	count = 0;
+
+	title.on( 'change', onChange );
+
+	title.font = 'Sans';
+	t.strictEqual( count, 1, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	title.font = 'Arial';
+	t.strictEqual( count, 2, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	// Setting to the same value should not emit an event:
+	title.font = 'Arial';
+	t.strictEqual( count, 2, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	t.end();
+
+	function onChange() {
+		count += 1;
+	}
+});
diff --git a/lib/node_modules/@stdlib/plot/vega/title/ctor/test/test.font_size.js b/lib/node_modules/@stdlib/plot/vega/title/ctor/test/test.font_size.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..a41c8dd5bdf7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/node_modules/@stdlib/plot/vega/title/ctor/test/test.font_size.js
@@ -0,0 +1,167 @@
+/**
+* @license Apache-2.0
+*
+* Copyright (c) 2026 The Stdlib Authors.
+*
+* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+* You may obtain a copy of the License at
+*
+*    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+*
+* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+* limitations under the License.
+*/
+
+'use strict';
+
+// MODULES //
+
+var tape = require( 'tape' );
+var hasOwnProp = require( '@stdlib/assert/has-own-property' );
+var isUndefined = require( '@stdlib/assert/is-undefined' );
+var hasProp = require( '@stdlib/assert/has-property' );
+var isNumber = require( '@stdlib/assert/is-number' );
+var Title = require( './../lib' );
+
+
+// TESTS //
+
+tape( 'main export is a function', function test( t ) {
+	t.ok( true, __filename );
+	t.strictEqual( typeof Title, 'function', 'main export is a function' );
+	t.end();
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor returns an instance which has a `fontSize` property', function test( t ) {
+	var v;
+
+	v = new Title();
+	t.strictEqual( hasOwnProp( v, 'fontSize' ), false, 'returns expected value' );
+	t.strictEqual( hasProp( v, 'fontSize' ), true, 'returns expected value' );
+	t.strictEqual( isUndefined( v.fontSize ), true, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	v = new Title({
+		'fontSize': 12
+	});
+	t.strictEqual( isNumber( v.fontSize ), true, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	t.end();
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor throws an error if provided an invalid `fontSize` option', function test( t ) {
+	var values;
+	var i;
+
+	values = [
+		'beep',
+		'boop',
+		null,
+		true,
+		false,
+		[],
+		{},
+		function noop() {}
+	];
+	for ( i = 0; i < values.length; i++ ) {
+		t.throws( badValue( values[ i ] ), Error, 'throws an error when provided ' + values[ i ] );
+	}
+	t.end();
+
+	function badValue( value ) {
+		return function badValue() {
+			var title = new Title({ // eslint-disable-line no-unused-vars
+				'fontSize': value
+			});
+		};
+	}
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor returns an instance having a `fontSize` property which throws an error if set to an invalid value', function test( t ) {
+	var values;
+	var i;
+
+	values = [
+		'beep',
+		'boop',
+		null,
+		true,
+		false,
+		[],
+		{},
+		function noop() {}
+	];
+	for ( i = 0; i < values.length; i++ ) {
+		t.throws( badValue( values[ i ] ), TypeError, 'throws an error when provided ' + values[ i ] );
+	}
+	t.end();
+
+	function badValue( value ) {
+		return function badValue() {
+			var title = new Title();
+			title.fontSize = value;
+		};
+	}
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor returns an instance having a `fontSize` property', function test( t ) {
+	var title;
+
+	title = new Title();
+	t.strictEqual( isUndefined( title.fontSize ), true, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	title = new Title({
+		'fontSize': 12
+	});
+	t.strictEqual( title.fontSize, 12, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	title = new Title({
+		'fontSize': 14
+	});
+	t.strictEqual( title.fontSize, 14, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	t.end();
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor returns an instance having a `fontSize` property which can be set to a valid method', function test( t ) {
+	var title;
+
+	title = new Title();
+
+	title.fontSize = 12;
+	t.strictEqual( title.fontSize, 12, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	title.fontSize = 14;
+	t.strictEqual( title.fontSize, 14, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	t.end();
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor returns an instance which emits an event when the `fontSize` property is set to a new value', function test( t ) {
+	var title;
+	var count;
+
+	title = new Title();
+	count = 0;
+
+	title.on( 'change', onChange );
+
+	title.fontSize = 12;
+	t.strictEqual( count, 1, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	title.fontSize = 14;
+	t.strictEqual( count, 2, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	// Setting to the same value should not emit an event:
+	title.fontSize = 14;
+	t.strictEqual( count, 2, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	t.end();
+
+	function onChange() {
+		count += 1;
+	}
+});
diff --git a/lib/node_modules/@stdlib/plot/vega/title/ctor/test/test.font_style.js b/lib/node_modules/@stdlib/plot/vega/title/ctor/test/test.font_style.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..18cb1c19f096
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/node_modules/@stdlib/plot/vega/title/ctor/test/test.font_style.js
@@ -0,0 +1,167 @@
+/**
+* @license Apache-2.0
+*
+* Copyright (c) 2026 The Stdlib Authors.
+*
+* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+* You may obtain a copy of the License at
+*
+*    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+*
+* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+* limitations under the License.
+*/
+
+'use strict';
+
+// MODULES //
+
+var tape = require( 'tape' );
+var hasOwnProp = require( '@stdlib/assert/has-own-property' );
+var isUndefined = require( '@stdlib/assert/is-undefined' );
+var hasProp = require( '@stdlib/assert/has-property' );
+var isString = require( '@stdlib/assert/is-string' );
+var Title = require( './../lib' );
+
+
+// TESTS //
+
+tape( 'main export is a function', function test( t ) {
+	t.ok( true, __filename );
+	t.strictEqual( typeof Title, 'function', 'main export is a function' );
+	t.end();
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor returns an instance which has a `fontStyle` property', function test( t ) {
+	var v;
+
+	v = new Title();
+	t.strictEqual( hasOwnProp( v, 'fontStyle' ), false, 'returns expected value' );
+	t.strictEqual( hasProp( v, 'fontStyle' ), true, 'returns expected value' );
+	t.strictEqual( isUndefined( v.fontStyle ), true, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	v = new Title({
+		'fontStyle': 'Arial'
+	});
+	t.strictEqual( isString( v.fontStyle ), true, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	t.end();
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor throws an error if provided an invalid `fontStyle` option', function test( t ) {
+	var values;
+	var i;
+
+	values = [
+		5,
+		NaN,
+		null,
+		true,
+		false,
+		[],
+		{},
+		function noop() {}
+	];
+	for ( i = 0; i < values.length; i++ ) {
+		t.throws( badValue( values[ i ] ), Error, 'throws an error when provided ' + values[ i ] );
+	}
+	t.end();
+
+	function badValue( value ) {
+		return function badValue() {
+			var title = new Title({ // eslint-disable-line no-unused-vars
+				'fontStyle': value
+			});
+		};
+	}
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor returns an instance having a `fontStyle` property which throws an error if set to an invalid value', function test( t ) {
+	var values;
+	var i;
+
+	values = [
+		5,
+		NaN,
+		null,
+		true,
+		false,
+		[],
+		{},
+		function noop() {}
+	];
+	for ( i = 0; i < values.length; i++ ) {
+		t.throws( badValue( values[ i ] ), TypeError, 'throws an error when provided ' + values[ i ] );
+	}
+	t.end();
+
+	function badValue( value ) {
+		return function badValue() {
+			var title = new Title();
+			title.fontStyle = value;
+		};
+	}
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor returns an instance having a `fontStyle` property', function test( t ) {
+	var title;
+
+	title = new Title();
+	t.strictEqual( isUndefined( title.fontStyle ), true, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	title = new Title({
+		'fontStyle': 'Arial'
+	});
+	t.strictEqual( title.fontStyle, 'Arial', 'returns expected value' );
+
+	title = new Title({
+		'fontStyle': 'Sans'
+	});
+	t.strictEqual( title.fontStyle, 'Sans', 'returns expected value' );
+
+	t.end();
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor returns an instance having a `fontStyle` property which can be set to a valid method', function test( t ) {
+	var title;
+
+	title = new Title();
+
+	title.fontStyle = 'Arial';
+	t.strictEqual( title.fontStyle, 'Arial', 'returns expected value' );
+
+	title.fontStyle = 'Sans';
+	t.strictEqual( title.fontStyle, 'Sans', 'returns expected value' );
+
+	t.end();
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor returns an instance which emits an event when the `fontStyle` property is set to a new value', function test( t ) {
+	var title;
+	var count;
+
+	title = new Title();
+	count = 0;
+
+	title.on( 'change', onChange );
+
+	title.fontStyle = 'Sans';
+	t.strictEqual( count, 1, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	title.fontStyle = 'Arial';
+	t.strictEqual( count, 2, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	// Setting to the same value should not emit an event:
+	title.fontStyle = 'Arial';
+	t.strictEqual( count, 2, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	t.end();
+
+	function onChange() {
+		count += 1;
+	}
+});
diff --git a/lib/node_modules/@stdlib/plot/vega/title/ctor/test/test.font_weight.js b/lib/node_modules/@stdlib/plot/vega/title/ctor/test/test.font_weight.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..94657b56f117
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/node_modules/@stdlib/plot/vega/title/ctor/test/test.font_weight.js
@@ -0,0 +1,185 @@
+/**
+* @license Apache-2.0
+*
+* Copyright (c) 2026 The Stdlib Authors.
+*
+* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+* You may obtain a copy of the License at
+*
+*    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+*
+* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+* limitations under the License.
+*/
+
+'use strict';
+
+// MODULES //
+
+var tape = require( 'tape' );
+var hasOwnProp = require( '@stdlib/assert/has-own-property' );
+var isUndefined = require( '@stdlib/assert/is-undefined' );
+var hasProp = require( '@stdlib/assert/has-property' );
+var isString = require( '@stdlib/assert/is-string' );
+var isNumber = require( '@stdlib/assert/is-number' );
+var Title = require( './../lib' );
+
+
+// TESTS //
+
+tape( 'main export is a function', function test( t ) {
+	t.ok( true, __filename );
+	t.strictEqual( typeof Title, 'function', 'main export is a function' );
+	t.end();
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor returns an instance which has a `fontWeight` property', function test( t ) {
+	var v;
+
+	v = new Title();
+	t.strictEqual( hasOwnProp( v, 'fontWeight' ), false, 'returns expected value' );
+	t.strictEqual( hasProp( v, 'fontWeight' ), true, 'returns expected value' );
+	t.strictEqual( isUndefined( v.fontWeight ), true, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	v = new Title({
+		'fontWeight': 'bold'
+	});
+	t.strictEqual( isString( v.fontWeight ), true, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	v = new Title({
+		'fontWeight': 6
+	});
+	t.strictEqual( isNumber( v.fontWeight ), true, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	t.end();
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor throws an error if provided an invalid `fontWeight` option', function test( t ) {
+	var values;
+	var i;
+
+	values = [
+		null,
+		true,
+		false,
+		[],
+		{},
+		function noop() {}
+	];
+	for ( i = 0; i < values.length; i++ ) {
+		t.throws( badValue( values[ i ] ), Error, 'throws an error when provided ' + values[ i ] );
+	}
+	t.end();
+
+	function badValue( value ) {
+		return function badValue() {
+			var title = new Title({ // eslint-disable-line no-unused-vars
+				'fontWeight': value
+			});
+		};
+	}
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor returns an instance having a `fontWeight` property which throws an error if set to an invalid value', function test( t ) {
+	var values;
+	var i;
+
+	values = [
+		null,
+		true,
+		false,
+		[],
+		{},
+		function noop() {}
+	];
+	for ( i = 0; i < values.length; i++ ) {
+		t.throws( badValue( values[ i ] ), TypeError, 'throws an error when provided ' + values[ i ] );
+	}
+	t.end();
+
+	function badValue( value ) {
+		return function badValue() {
+			var title = new Title();
+			title.fontWeight = value;
+		};
+	}
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor returns an instance having a `fontWeight` property', function test( t ) {
+	var title;
+
+	title = new Title();
+	t.strictEqual( isUndefined( title.fontWeight ), true, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	title = new Title({
+		'fontWeight': 'bold'
+	});
+	t.strictEqual( title.fontWeight, 'bold', 'returns expected value' );
+
+	title = new Title({
+		'fontWeight': 'light'
+	});
+	t.strictEqual( title.fontWeight, 'light', 'returns expected value' );
+
+	title = new Title({
+		'fontWeight': 6
+	});
+	t.strictEqual( title.fontWeight, 6, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	title = new Title({
+		'fontWeight': 8
+	});
+	t.strictEqual( title.fontWeight, 8, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	t.end();
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor returns an instance having a `fontWeight` property which can be set to a valid method', function test( t ) {
+	var title;
+
+	title = new Title();
+
+	title.fontWeight = 'bold';
+	t.strictEqual( title.fontWeight, 'bold', 'returns expected value' );
+
+	title.fontWeight = 'light';
+	t.strictEqual( title.fontWeight, 'light', 'returns expected value' );
+
+	title.fontWeight = 6;
+	t.strictEqual( title.fontWeight, 6, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	title.fontWeight = 8;
+	t.strictEqual( title.fontWeight, 8, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	t.end();
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor returns an instance which emits an event when the `fontWeight` property is set to a new value', function test( t ) {
+	var title;
+	var count;
+
+	title = new Title();
+	count = 0;
+
+	title.on( 'change', onChange );
+
+	title.fontWeight = 'light';
+	t.strictEqual( count, 1, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	title.fontWeight = 'bold';
+	t.strictEqual( count, 2, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	// Setting to the same value should not emit an event:
+	title.fontWeight = 'bold';
+	t.strictEqual( count, 2, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	t.end();
+
+	function onChange() {
+		count += 1;
+	}
+});
diff --git a/lib/node_modules/@stdlib/plot/vega/title/ctor/test/test.frame.js b/lib/node_modules/@stdlib/plot/vega/title/ctor/test/test.frame.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..0e5570717866
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/node_modules/@stdlib/plot/vega/title/ctor/test/test.frame.js
@@ -0,0 +1,162 @@
+/**
+* @license Apache-2.0
+*
+* Copyright (c) 2026 The Stdlib Authors.
+*
+* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+* You may obtain a copy of the License at
+*
+*    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+*
+* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+* limitations under the License.
+*/
+
+'use strict';
+
+// MODULES //
+
+var tape = require( 'tape' );
+var hasOwnProp = require( '@stdlib/assert/has-own-property' );
+var hasProp = require( '@stdlib/assert/has-property' );
+var isString = require( '@stdlib/assert/is-string' );
+var Title = require( './../lib' );
+
+
+// TESTS //
+
+tape( 'main export is a function', function test( t ) {
+	t.ok( true, __filename );
+	t.strictEqual( typeof Title, 'function', 'main export is a function' );
+	t.end();
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor returns an instance which has a `frame` property', function test( t ) {
+	var v;
+
+	v = new Title();
+	t.strictEqual( hasOwnProp( v, 'frame' ), false, 'returns expected value' );
+	t.strictEqual( hasProp( v, 'frame' ), true, 'returns expected value' );
+	t.strictEqual( isString( v.frame ), true, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	t.end();
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor throws an error if provided an invalid `frame` option', function test( t ) {
+	var values;
+	var i;
+
+	values = [
+		'beep',
+		'boop',
+		'GROUP',
+		5,
+		NaN,
+		null,
+		true,
+		false,
+		[],
+		{},
+		function noop() {}
+	];
+	for ( i = 0; i < values.length; i++ ) {
+		t.throws( badValue( values[ i ] ), Error, 'throws an error when provided ' + values[ i ] );
+	}
+	t.end();
+
+	function badValue( value ) {
+		return function badValue() {
+			var title = new Title({ // eslint-disable-line no-unused-vars
+				'frame': value
+			});
+		};
+	}
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor returns an instance having a `frame` property which throws an error if set to an invalid value', function test( t ) {
+	var values;
+	var i;
+
+	values = [
+		'beep',
+		'boop',
+		'GROUP',
+		5,
+		NaN,
+		null,
+		true,
+		false,
+		[],
+		{},
+		function noop() {}
+	];
+	for ( i = 0; i < values.length; i++ ) {
+		t.throws( badValue( values[ i ] ), TypeError, 'throws an error when provided ' + values[ i ] );
+	}
+	t.end();
+
+	function badValue( value ) {
+		return function badValue() {
+			var title = new Title();
+			title.frame = value;
+		};
+	}
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor returns an instance having a `frame` property', function test( t ) {
+	var title;
+
+	title = new Title();
+	t.strictEqual( title.frame, 'bounds', 'returns expected value' );
+
+	title = new Title({
+		'frame': 'group'
+	});
+	t.strictEqual( title.frame, 'group', 'returns expected value' );
+
+	t.end();
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor returns an instance having a `frame` property which can be set to a valid method', function test( t ) {
+	var title;
+
+	title = new Title();
+
+	title.frame = 'group';
+	t.strictEqual( title.frame, 'group', 'returns expected value' );
+
+	title.frame = 'bounds';
+	t.strictEqual( title.frame, 'bounds', 'returns expected value' );
+
+	t.end();
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor returns an instance which emits an event when the `frame` property is set to a new value', function test( t ) {
+	var title;
+	var count;
+
+	title = new Title();
+	count = 0;
+
+	title.on( 'change', onChange );
+
+	title.frame = 'group';
+	t.strictEqual( count, 1, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	title.frame = 'bounds';
+	t.strictEqual( count, 2, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	// Setting to the same value should not emit an event:
+	title.frame = 'bounds';
+	t.strictEqual( count, 2, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	t.end();
+
+	function onChange() {
+		count += 1;
+	}
+});
diff --git a/lib/node_modules/@stdlib/plot/vega/title/ctor/test/test.js b/lib/node_modules/@stdlib/plot/vega/title/ctor/test/test.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..92e3958e0bec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/node_modules/@stdlib/plot/vega/title/ctor/test/test.js
@@ -0,0 +1,252 @@
+/**
+* @license Apache-2.0
+*
+* Copyright (c) 2026 The Stdlib Authors.
+*
+* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+* You may obtain a copy of the License at
+*
+*    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+*
+* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+* limitations under the License.
+*/
+
+'use strict';
+
+// MODULES //
+
+var tape = require( 'tape' );
+var isSameArray = require( '@stdlib/assert/is-same-array' );
+var instanceOf = require( '@stdlib/assert/instance-of' );
+var hasOwnProp = require( '@stdlib/assert/has-own-property' );
+var Title = require( './../lib' );
+
+
+// TESTS //
+
+tape( 'main export is a function', function test( t ) {
+	t.ok( true, __filename );
+	t.strictEqual( typeof Title, 'function', 'main export is a function' );
+	t.end();
+});
+
+tape( 'the function is a constructor', function test( t ) {
+	var title = new Title();
+	t.strictEqual( instanceOf( title, Title ), true, 'returns expected value' );
+	t.end();
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor does not require the `new` keyword', function test( t ) {
+	var title;
+	var ctor;
+
+	ctor = Title;
+	title = ctor();
+	t.strictEqual( instanceOf( title, Title ), true, 'returns expected value' );
+	t.end();
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor does not require the `new` keyword (options)', function test( t ) {
+	var title;
+	var ctor;
+
+	ctor = Title;
+	title = ctor({
+		'text': 'Beep boop'
+	});
+	t.strictEqual( instanceOf( title, Title ), true, 'returns expected value' );
+	t.strictEqual( isSameArray( title.text, [ 'Beep boop' ] ), true, 'returns expected value' );
+	t.end();
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor throws an error if provided an options argument which is not an object', function test( t ) {
+	var values;
+	var i;
+
+	values = [
+		'5',
+		5,
+		NaN,
+		null,
+		void 0,
+		true,
+		false,
+		[],
+		function noop() {}
+	];
+	for ( i = 0; i < values.length; i++ ) {
+		t.throws( badValue( values[ i ] ), TypeError, 'throws an error when provided ' + values[ i ] );
+	}
+	t.end();
+
+	function badValue( value ) {
+		return function badValue() {
+			var title = new Title( value ); // eslint-disable-line no-unused-vars
+		};
+	}
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor has a read-only `name` property', function test( t ) {
+	t.strictEqual( Title.name, 'Title', 'returns expected value' );
+	t.end();
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor returns an instance having a `toJSON` method for serializing an instance to JSON', function test( t ) {
+	var expected;
+	var title;
+	var json;
+
+	title = new Title();
+	json = title.toJSON();
+
+	expected = {
+		'anchor': 'middle',
+		'aria': true,
+		'frame': 'bounds',
+		'orient': 'top',
+		'text': [],
+		'zindex': 0
+	};
+	t.deepEqual( json, expected, 'returns expected value' );
+	t.end();
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor returns an instance having a `toJSON` method for serializing an instance to JSON (options)', function test( t ) {
+	var expected;
+	var title;
+	var json;
+
+	title = new Title({
+		'text': 'Beep boop',
+		'align': 'left',
+		'anchor': 'start',
+		'angle': 90,
+		'aria': false,
+		'baseline': 'top',
+		'color': 'steelblue',
+		'dx': 2,
+		'dy': 2,
+		'encode': {
+			'title': {
+				'enter': {
+					'fill': {
+						'value': 'steelblue'
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		},
+		'font': 'Arial',
+		'fontSize': 12,
+		'fontStyle': 'Arial',
+		'fontWeight': 'bold',
+		'frame': 'group',
+		'limit': 100,
+		'lineHeight': 2,
+		'offset': 12,
+		'orient': 'bottom',
+		'subtitle': 'foo bar',
+		'subtitleColor': 'steelblue',
+		'subtitleFont': 'Arial',
+		'subtitleFontSize': 14,
+		'subtitleFontStyle': 'italic',
+		'subtitleFontWeight': 'bold',
+		'subtitleLineHeight': 16,
+		'subtitlePadding': 24,
+		'zindex': 2
+	});
+	json = title.toJSON();
+
+	expected = {
+		'align': 'left',
+		'anchor': 'start',
+		'angle': 90,
+		'aria': false,
+		'baseline': 'top',
+		'color': 'steelblue',
+		'dx': 2,
+		'dy': 2,
+		'encode': {
+			'title': {
+				'enter': {
+					'fill': {
+						'value': 'steelblue'
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		},
+		'font': 'Arial',
+		'fontSize': 12,
+		'fontStyle': 'Arial',
+		'fontWeight': 'bold',
+		'frame': 'group',
+		'limit': 100,
+		'lineHeight': 2,
+		'offset': 12,
+		'orient': 'bottom',
+		'subtitle': [ 'foo bar' ],
+		'subtitleColor': 'steelblue',
+		'subtitleFont': 'Arial',
+		'subtitleFontSize': 14,
+		'subtitleFontStyle': 'italic',
+		'subtitleFontWeight': 'bold',
+		'subtitleLineHeight': 16,
+		'subtitlePadding': 24,
+		'text': [ 'Beep boop' ],
+		'zindex': 2
+	};
+	t.deepEqual( json, expected, 'returns expected value' );
+	t.end();
+});
+
+tape( 'the `toJSON` method is implicitly invoked by `JSON.stringify`', function test( t ) {
+	var expected;
+	var title;
+
+	title = new Title({
+		'text': 'Beep boop'
+	});
+
+	expected = {
+		'aria': true,
+		'anchor': 'middle',
+		'frame': 'bounds',
+		'orient': 'top',
+		'text': [ 'Beep boop' ],
+		'zindex': 0
+	};
+	t.strictEqual( JSON.stringify( title ), JSON.stringify( expected ), 'returns expected value' );
+	t.end();
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor returns an instance which inherits from EventEmitter', function test( t ) {
+	var title;
+
+	title = new Title();
+
+	t.strictEqual( typeof title.on, 'function', 'returns expected value' );
+	t.strictEqual( typeof title.emit, 'function', 'returns expected value' );
+	t.strictEqual( typeof title.removeListener, 'function', 'returns expected value' );
+
+	t.end();
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor ignores unrecognized options', function test( t ) {
+	var title;
+
+	title = new Title({
+		'text': 'Beep boop',
+		'beep': 'boop',
+		'foo': 'bar'
+	});
+
+	t.strictEqual( isSameArray( title.text, [ 'Beep boop' ] ), true, 'returns expected value' );
+	t.strictEqual( hasOwnProp( title, 'beep' ), false, 'returns expected value' );
+	t.strictEqual( hasOwnProp( title, 'foo' ), false, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	t.end();
+});
diff --git a/lib/node_modules/@stdlib/plot/vega/title/ctor/test/test.limit.js b/lib/node_modules/@stdlib/plot/vega/title/ctor/test/test.limit.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..44082b47ecba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/node_modules/@stdlib/plot/vega/title/ctor/test/test.limit.js
@@ -0,0 +1,167 @@
+/**
+* @license Apache-2.0
+*
+* Copyright (c) 2026 The Stdlib Authors.
+*
+* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+* You may obtain a copy of the License at
+*
+*    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+*
+* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+* limitations under the License.
+*/
+
+'use strict';
+
+// MODULES //
+
+var tape = require( 'tape' );
+var hasOwnProp = require( '@stdlib/assert/has-own-property' );
+var isUndefined = require( '@stdlib/assert/is-undefined' );
+var hasProp = require( '@stdlib/assert/has-property' );
+var isNumber = require( '@stdlib/assert/is-number' );
+var Title = require( './../lib' );
+
+
+// TESTS //
+
+tape( 'main export is a function', function test( t ) {
+	t.ok( true, __filename );
+	t.strictEqual( typeof Title, 'function', 'main export is a function' );
+	t.end();
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor returns an instance which has a `limit` property', function test( t ) {
+	var v;
+
+	v = new Title();
+	t.strictEqual( hasOwnProp( v, 'limit' ), false, 'returns expected value' );
+	t.strictEqual( hasProp( v, 'limit' ), true, 'returns expected value' );
+	t.strictEqual( isUndefined( v.limit ), true, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	v = new Title({
+		'limit': 100
+	});
+	t.strictEqual( isNumber( v.limit ), true, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	t.end();
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor throws an error if provided an invalid `limit` option', function test( t ) {
+	var values;
+	var i;
+
+	values = [
+		'beep',
+		'boop',
+		null,
+		true,
+		false,
+		[],
+		{},
+		function noop() {}
+	];
+	for ( i = 0; i < values.length; i++ ) {
+		t.throws( badValue( values[ i ] ), Error, 'throws an error when provided ' + values[ i ] );
+	}
+	t.end();
+
+	function badValue( value ) {
+		return function badValue() {
+			var title = new Title({ // eslint-disable-line no-unused-vars
+				'limit': value
+			});
+		};
+	}
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor returns an instance having a `limit` property which throws an error if set to an invalid value', function test( t ) {
+	var values;
+	var i;
+
+	values = [
+		'beep',
+		'boop',
+		null,
+		true,
+		false,
+		[],
+		{},
+		function noop() {}
+	];
+	for ( i = 0; i < values.length; i++ ) {
+		t.throws( badValue( values[ i ] ), TypeError, 'throws an error when provided ' + values[ i ] );
+	}
+	t.end();
+
+	function badValue( value ) {
+		return function badValue() {
+			var title = new Title();
+			title.limit = value;
+		};
+	}
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor returns an instance having a `limit` property', function test( t ) {
+	var title;
+
+	title = new Title();
+	t.strictEqual( isUndefined( title.limit ), true, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	title = new Title({
+		'limit': 100
+	});
+	t.strictEqual( title.limit, 100, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	title = new Title({
+		'limit': 150
+	});
+	t.strictEqual( title.limit, 150, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	t.end();
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor returns an instance having a `limit` property which can be set to a valid method', function test( t ) {
+	var title;
+
+	title = new Title();
+
+	title.limit = 100;
+	t.strictEqual( title.limit, 100, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	title.limit = 150;
+	t.strictEqual( title.limit, 150, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	t.end();
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor returns an instance which emits an event when the `limit` property is set to a new value', function test( t ) {
+	var title;
+	var count;
+
+	title = new Title();
+	count = 0;
+
+	title.on( 'change', onChange );
+
+	title.limit = 100;
+	t.strictEqual( count, 1, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	title.limit = 150;
+	t.strictEqual( count, 2, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	// Setting to the same value should not emit an event:
+	title.limit = 150;
+	t.strictEqual( count, 2, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	t.end();
+
+	function onChange() {
+		count += 1;
+	}
+});
diff --git a/lib/node_modules/@stdlib/plot/vega/title/ctor/test/test.line_height.js b/lib/node_modules/@stdlib/plot/vega/title/ctor/test/test.line_height.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..b8d59abbf1e5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/node_modules/@stdlib/plot/vega/title/ctor/test/test.line_height.js
@@ -0,0 +1,167 @@
+/**
+* @license Apache-2.0
+*
+* Copyright (c) 2026 The Stdlib Authors.
+*
+* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+* You may obtain a copy of the License at
+*
+*    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+*
+* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+* limitations under the License.
+*/
+
+'use strict';
+
+// MODULES //
+
+var tape = require( 'tape' );
+var hasOwnProp = require( '@stdlib/assert/has-own-property' );
+var isUndefined = require( '@stdlib/assert/is-undefined' );
+var hasProp = require( '@stdlib/assert/has-property' );
+var isNumber = require( '@stdlib/assert/is-number' );
+var Title = require( './../lib' );
+
+
+// TESTS //
+
+tape( 'main export is a function', function test( t ) {
+	t.ok( true, __filename );
+	t.strictEqual( typeof Title, 'function', 'main export is a function' );
+	t.end();
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor returns an instance which has a `lineHeight` property', function test( t ) {
+	var v;
+
+	v = new Title();
+	t.strictEqual( hasOwnProp( v, 'lineHeight' ), false, 'returns expected value' );
+	t.strictEqual( hasProp( v, 'lineHeight' ), true, 'returns expected value' );
+	t.strictEqual( isUndefined( v.lineHeight ), true, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	v = new Title({
+		'lineHeight': 2
+	});
+	t.strictEqual( isNumber( v.lineHeight ), true, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	t.end();
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor throws an error if provided an invalid `lineHeight` option', function test( t ) {
+	var values;
+	var i;
+
+	values = [
+		'beep',
+		'boop',
+		null,
+		true,
+		false,
+		[],
+		{},
+		function noop() {}
+	];
+	for ( i = 0; i < values.length; i++ ) {
+		t.throws( badValue( values[ i ] ), Error, 'throws an error when provided ' + values[ i ] );
+	}
+	t.end();
+
+	function badValue( value ) {
+		return function badValue() {
+			var title = new Title({ // eslint-disable-line no-unused-vars
+				'lineHeight': value
+			});
+		};
+	}
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor returns an instance having a `lineHeight` property which throws an error if set to an invalid value', function test( t ) {
+	var values;
+	var i;
+
+	values = [
+		'beep',
+		'boop',
+		null,
+		true,
+		false,
+		[],
+		{},
+		function noop() {}
+	];
+	for ( i = 0; i < values.length; i++ ) {
+		t.throws( badValue( values[ i ] ), TypeError, 'throws an error when provided ' + values[ i ] );
+	}
+	t.end();
+
+	function badValue( value ) {
+		return function badValue() {
+			var title = new Title();
+			title.lineHeight = value;
+		};
+	}
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor returns an instance having a `lineHeight` property', function test( t ) {
+	var title;
+
+	title = new Title();
+	t.strictEqual( isUndefined( title.lineHeight ), true, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	title = new Title({
+		'lineHeight': 2
+	});
+	t.strictEqual( title.lineHeight, 2, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	title = new Title({
+		'lineHeight': 4
+	});
+	t.strictEqual( title.lineHeight, 4, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	t.end();
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor returns an instance having a `lineHeight` property which can be set to a valid method', function test( t ) {
+	var title;
+
+	title = new Title();
+
+	title.lineHeight = 2;
+	t.strictEqual( title.lineHeight, 2, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	title.lineHeight = 4;
+	t.strictEqual( title.lineHeight, 4, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	t.end();
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor returns an instance which emits an event when the `lineHeight` property is set to a new value', function test( t ) {
+	var title;
+	var count;
+
+	title = new Title();
+	count = 0;
+
+	title.on( 'change', onChange );
+
+	title.lineHeight = 2;
+	t.strictEqual( count, 1, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	title.lineHeight = 4;
+	t.strictEqual( count, 2, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	// Setting to the same value should not emit an event:
+	title.lineHeight = 4;
+	t.strictEqual( count, 2, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	t.end();
+
+	function onChange() {
+		count += 1;
+	}
+});
diff --git a/lib/node_modules/@stdlib/plot/vega/title/ctor/test/test.offset.js b/lib/node_modules/@stdlib/plot/vega/title/ctor/test/test.offset.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..f12bdc8d130b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/node_modules/@stdlib/plot/vega/title/ctor/test/test.offset.js
@@ -0,0 +1,167 @@
+/**
+* @license Apache-2.0
+*
+* Copyright (c) 2026 The Stdlib Authors.
+*
+* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+* You may obtain a copy of the License at
+*
+*    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+*
+* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+* limitations under the License.
+*/
+
+'use strict';
+
+// MODULES //
+
+var tape = require( 'tape' );
+var hasOwnProp = require( '@stdlib/assert/has-own-property' );
+var isUndefined = require( '@stdlib/assert/is-undefined' );
+var hasProp = require( '@stdlib/assert/has-property' );
+var isNumber = require( '@stdlib/assert/is-number' );
+var Title = require( './../lib' );
+
+
+// TESTS //
+
+tape( 'main export is a function', function test( t ) {
+	t.ok( true, __filename );
+	t.strictEqual( typeof Title, 'function', 'main export is a function' );
+	t.end();
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor returns an instance which has a `offset` property', function test( t ) {
+	var v;
+
+	v = new Title();
+	t.strictEqual( hasOwnProp( v, 'offset' ), false, 'returns expected value' );
+	t.strictEqual( hasProp( v, 'offset' ), true, 'returns expected value' );
+	t.strictEqual( isUndefined( v.offset ), true, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	v = new Title({
+		'offset': 12
+	});
+	t.strictEqual( isNumber( v.offset ), true, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	t.end();
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor throws an error if provided an invalid `offset` option', function test( t ) {
+	var values;
+	var i;
+
+	values = [
+		'beep',
+		'boop',
+		null,
+		true,
+		false,
+		[],
+		{},
+		function noop() {}
+	];
+	for ( i = 0; i < values.length; i++ ) {
+		t.throws( badValue( values[ i ] ), Error, 'throws an error when provided ' + values[ i ] );
+	}
+	t.end();
+
+	function badValue( value ) {
+		return function badValue() {
+			var title = new Title({ // eslint-disable-line no-unused-vars
+				'offset': value
+			});
+		};
+	}
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor returns an instance having a `offset` property which throws an error if set to an invalid value', function test( t ) {
+	var values;
+	var i;
+
+	values = [
+		'beep',
+		'boop',
+		null,
+		true,
+		false,
+		[],
+		{},
+		function noop() {}
+	];
+	for ( i = 0; i < values.length; i++ ) {
+		t.throws( badValue( values[ i ] ), TypeError, 'throws an error when provided ' + values[ i ] );
+	}
+	t.end();
+
+	function badValue( value ) {
+		return function badValue() {
+			var title = new Title();
+			title.offset = value;
+		};
+	}
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor returns an instance having a `offset` property', function test( t ) {
+	var title;
+
+	title = new Title();
+	t.strictEqual( isUndefined( title.offset ), true, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	title = new Title({
+		'offset': 12
+	});
+	t.strictEqual( title.offset, 12, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	title = new Title({
+		'offset': 14
+	});
+	t.strictEqual( title.offset, 14, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	t.end();
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor returns an instance having a `offset` property which can be set to a valid method', function test( t ) {
+	var title;
+
+	title = new Title();
+
+	title.offset = 12;
+	t.strictEqual( title.offset, 12, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	title.offset = 14;
+	t.strictEqual( title.offset, 14, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	t.end();
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor returns an instance which emits an event when the `offset` property is set to a new value', function test( t ) {
+	var title;
+	var count;
+
+	title = new Title();
+	count = 0;
+
+	title.on( 'change', onChange );
+
+	title.offset = 12;
+	t.strictEqual( count, 1, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	title.offset = 14;
+	t.strictEqual( count, 2, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	// Setting to the same value should not emit an event:
+	title.offset = 14;
+	t.strictEqual( count, 2, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	t.end();
+
+	function onChange() {
+		count += 1;
+	}
+});
diff --git a/lib/node_modules/@stdlib/plot/vega/title/ctor/test/test.orient.js b/lib/node_modules/@stdlib/plot/vega/title/ctor/test/test.orient.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..73b84a822f61
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/node_modules/@stdlib/plot/vega/title/ctor/test/test.orient.js
@@ -0,0 +1,178 @@
+/**
+* @license Apache-2.0
+*
+* Copyright (c) 2026 The Stdlib Authors.
+*
+* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+* You may obtain a copy of the License at
+*
+*    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+*
+* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+* limitations under the License.
+*/
+
+'use strict';
+
+// MODULES //
+
+var tape = require( 'tape' );
+var hasOwnProp = require( '@stdlib/assert/has-own-property' );
+var hasProp = require( '@stdlib/assert/has-property' );
+var isString = require( '@stdlib/assert/is-string' );
+var Title = require( './../lib' );
+
+
+// TESTS //
+
+tape( 'main export is a function', function test( t ) {
+	t.ok( true, __filename );
+	t.strictEqual( typeof Title, 'function', 'main export is a function' );
+	t.end();
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor returns an instance which has a `orient` property', function test( t ) {
+	var v;
+
+	v = new Title();
+	t.strictEqual( hasOwnProp( v, 'orient' ), false, 'returns expected value' );
+	t.strictEqual( hasProp( v, 'orient' ), true, 'returns expected value' );
+	t.strictEqual( isString( v.orient ), true, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	t.end();
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor throws an error if provided an invalid `orient` option', function test( t ) {
+	var values;
+	var i;
+
+	values = [
+		'beep',
+		'boop',
+		'BOTTOM',
+		5,
+		NaN,
+		null,
+		true,
+		false,
+		[],
+		{},
+		function noop() {}
+	];
+	for ( i = 0; i < values.length; i++ ) {
+		t.throws( badValue( values[ i ] ), Error, 'throws an error when provided ' + values[ i ] );
+	}
+	t.end();
+
+	function badValue( value ) {
+		return function badValue() {
+			var title = new Title({ // eslint-disable-line no-unused-vars
+				'orient': value
+			});
+		};
+	}
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor returns an instance having a `orient` property which throws an error if set to an invalid value', function test( t ) {
+	var values;
+	var i;
+
+	values = [
+		'beep',
+		'boop',
+		'BOTTOM',
+		5,
+		NaN,
+		null,
+		true,
+		false,
+		[],
+		{},
+		function noop() {}
+	];
+	for ( i = 0; i < values.length; i++ ) {
+		t.throws( badValue( values[ i ] ), TypeError, 'throws an error when provided ' + values[ i ] );
+	}
+	t.end();
+
+	function badValue( value ) {
+		return function badValue() {
+			var title = new Title();
+			title.orient = value;
+		};
+	}
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor returns an instance having a `orient` property', function test( t ) {
+	var title;
+
+	title = new Title();
+	t.strictEqual( title.orient, 'top', 'returns expected value' );
+
+	title = new Title({
+		'orient': 'bottom'
+	});
+	t.strictEqual( title.orient, 'bottom', 'returns expected value' );
+
+	title = new Title({
+		'orient': 'left'
+	});
+	t.strictEqual( title.orient, 'left', 'returns expected value' );
+
+	title = new Title({
+		'orient': 'right'
+	});
+	t.strictEqual( title.orient, 'right', 'returns expected value' );
+
+	t.end();
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor returns an instance having a `orient` property which can be set to a valid method', function test( t ) {
+	var title;
+
+	title = new Title();
+
+	title.orient = 'bottom';
+	t.strictEqual( title.orient, 'bottom', 'returns expected value' );
+
+	title.orient = 'top';
+	t.strictEqual( title.orient, 'top', 'returns expected value' );
+
+	title.orient = 'left';
+	t.strictEqual( title.orient, 'left', 'returns expected value' );
+
+	title.orient = 'right';
+	t.strictEqual( title.orient, 'right', 'returns expected value' );
+
+	t.end();
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor returns an instance which emits an event when the `orient` property is set to a new value', function test( t ) {
+	var title;
+	var count;
+
+	title = new Title();
+	count = 0;
+
+	title.on( 'change', onChange );
+
+	title.orient = 'bottom';
+	t.strictEqual( count, 1, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	title.orient = 'top';
+	t.strictEqual( count, 2, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	// Setting to the same value should not emit an event:
+	title.orient = 'top';
+	t.strictEqual( count, 2, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	t.end();
+
+	function onChange() {
+		count += 1;
+	}
+});
diff --git a/lib/node_modules/@stdlib/plot/vega/title/ctor/test/test.properties.js b/lib/node_modules/@stdlib/plot/vega/title/ctor/test/test.properties.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..be0d60b5f707
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/node_modules/@stdlib/plot/vega/title/ctor/test/test.properties.js
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+/**
+* @license Apache-2.0
+*
+* Copyright (c) 2026 The Stdlib Authors.
+*
+* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+* You may obtain a copy of the License at
+*
+*    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+*
+* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+* limitations under the License.
+*/
+
+'use strict';
+
+// MODULES //
+
+var tape = require( 'tape' );
+var hasOwnProp = require( '@stdlib/assert/has-own-property' );
+var hasProp = require( '@stdlib/assert/has-property' );
+var isArray = require( '@stdlib/assert/is-array' );
+var Title = require( './../lib' );
+
+
+// TESTS //
+
+tape( 'main export is a function', function test( t ) {
+	t.ok( true, __filename );
+	t.strictEqual( typeof Title, 'function', 'main export is a function' );
+	t.end();
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor returns an instance which has a `properties` property', function test( t ) {
+	var v;
+
+	v = new Title();
+	t.strictEqual( hasOwnProp( v, 'properties' ), false, 'returns expected value' );
+	t.strictEqual( hasProp( v, 'properties' ), true, 'returns expected value' );
+	t.strictEqual( isArray( v.properties ), true, 'returns expected value' );
+	t.end();
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor returns an instance having a `properties` property which returns a list of enumerable properties', function test( t ) {
+	var expected;
+	var title;
+	var props;
+
+	title = new Title();
+	props = title.properties;
+
+	t.strictEqual( isArray( props ), true, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	expected = [ 'aria', 'align', 'anchor', 'angle', 'baseline', 'color', 'dx', 'dy', 'encode', 'font', 'fontSize', 'fontStyle', 'fontWeight', 'frame', 'limit', 'lineHeight', 'offset', 'orient', 'subtitle', 'subtitleColor', 'subtitleFont', 'subtitleFontSize', 'subtitleFontStyle', 'subtitleFontWeight', 'subtitleLineHeight', 'subtitlePadding', 'text', 'zindex' ];
+	t.deepEqual( props, expected, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	t.end();
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor returns an instance having a `properties` property which returns a new array on each access', function test( t ) {
+	var props1;
+	var props2;
+	var title;
+
+	title = new Title();
+	props1 = title.properties;
+	props2 = title.properties;
+
+	t.notEqual( props1, props2, 'returns expected value' );
+	t.deepEqual( props1, props2, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	t.end();
+});
diff --git a/lib/node_modules/@stdlib/plot/vega/title/ctor/test/test.subtitle.js b/lib/node_modules/@stdlib/plot/vega/title/ctor/test/test.subtitle.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..b65c5f047527
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/node_modules/@stdlib/plot/vega/title/ctor/test/test.subtitle.js
@@ -0,0 +1,167 @@
+/**
+* @license Apache-2.0
+*
+* Copyright (c) 2026 The Stdlib Authors.
+*
+* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+* You may obtain a copy of the License at
+*
+*    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+*
+* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+* limitations under the License.
+*/
+
+'use strict';
+
+// MODULES //
+
+var tape = require( 'tape' );
+var hasOwnProp = require( '@stdlib/assert/has-own-property' );
+var isUndefined = require( '@stdlib/assert/is-undefined' );
+var hasProp = require( '@stdlib/assert/has-property' );
+var isSameArray = require( '@stdlib/assert/is-same-array' );
+var Title = require( './../lib' );
+
+
+// TESTS //
+
+tape( 'main export is a function', function test( t ) {
+	t.ok( true, __filename );
+	t.strictEqual( typeof Title, 'function', 'main export is a function' );
+	t.end();
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor returns an instance which has a `subtitle` property', function test( t ) {
+	var v;
+
+	v = new Title();
+	t.strictEqual( hasOwnProp( v, 'subtitle' ), false, 'returns expected value' );
+	t.strictEqual( hasProp( v, 'subtitle' ), true, 'returns expected value' );
+	t.strictEqual( isUndefined( v.subtitle ), true, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	v = new Title({
+		'subtitle': 'foo bar'
+	});
+	t.strictEqual( isSameArray( v.subtitle, [ 'foo bar' ] ), true, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	t.end();
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor throws an error if provided an invalid `subtitle` option', function test( t ) {
+	var values;
+	var i;
+
+	values = [
+		5,
+		NaN,
+		null,
+		true,
+		false,
+		[],
+		{},
+		function noop() {}
+	];
+	for ( i = 0; i < values.length; i++ ) {
+		t.throws( badValue( values[ i ] ), Error, 'throws an error when provided ' + values[ i ] );
+	}
+	t.end();
+
+	function badValue( value ) {
+		return function badValue() {
+			var title = new Title({ // eslint-disable-line no-unused-vars
+				'subtitle': value
+			});
+		};
+	}
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor returns an instance having a `subtitle` property which throws an error if set to an invalid value', function test( t ) {
+	var values;
+	var i;
+
+	values = [
+		5,
+		NaN,
+		null,
+		true,
+		false,
+		[],
+		{},
+		function noop() {}
+	];
+	for ( i = 0; i < values.length; i++ ) {
+		t.throws( badValue( values[ i ] ), TypeError, 'throws an error when provided ' + values[ i ] );
+	}
+	t.end();
+
+	function badValue( value ) {
+		return function badValue() {
+			var title = new Title();
+			title.subtitle = value;
+		};
+	}
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor returns an instance having a `subtitle` property', function test( t ) {
+	var title;
+
+	title = new Title();
+	t.strictEqual( isUndefined( title.subtitle ), true, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	title = new Title({
+		'subtitle': 'foo bar'
+	});
+	t.strictEqual( isSameArray( title.subtitle, [ 'foo bar' ] ), true, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	title = new Title({
+		'subtitle': 'beep boop'
+	});
+	t.strictEqual( isSameArray( title.subtitle, [ 'beep boop' ] ), true, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	t.end();
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor returns an instance having a `subtitle` property which can be set to a valid method', function test( t ) {
+	var title;
+
+	title = new Title();
+
+	title.subtitle = 'foo bar';
+	t.strictEqual( isSameArray( title.subtitle, [ 'foo bar' ] ), true, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	title.subtitle = 'beep boop';
+	t.strictEqual( isSameArray( title.subtitle, [ 'beep boop' ] ), true, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	t.end();
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor returns an instance which emits an event when the `subtitle` property is set to a new value', function test( t ) {
+	var title;
+	var count;
+
+	title = new Title();
+	count = 0;
+
+	title.on( 'change', onChange );
+
+	title.subtitle = 'beep boop';
+	t.strictEqual( count, 1, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	title.subtitle = 'foo bar';
+	t.strictEqual( count, 2, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	// Setting to the same value should not emit an event:
+	title.subtitle = 'foo bar';
+	t.strictEqual( count, 2, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	t.end();
+
+	function onChange() {
+		count += 1;
+	}
+});
diff --git a/lib/node_modules/@stdlib/plot/vega/title/ctor/test/test.subtitle_color.js b/lib/node_modules/@stdlib/plot/vega/title/ctor/test/test.subtitle_color.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..3e1f580d7cf2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/node_modules/@stdlib/plot/vega/title/ctor/test/test.subtitle_color.js
@@ -0,0 +1,167 @@
+/**
+* @license Apache-2.0
+*
+* Copyright (c) 2026 The Stdlib Authors.
+*
+* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+* You may obtain a copy of the License at
+*
+*    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+*
+* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+* limitations under the License.
+*/
+
+'use strict';
+
+// MODULES //
+
+var tape = require( 'tape' );
+var hasOwnProp = require( '@stdlib/assert/has-own-property' );
+var isUndefined = require( '@stdlib/assert/is-undefined' );
+var hasProp = require( '@stdlib/assert/has-property' );
+var isString = require( '@stdlib/assert/is-string' );
+var Title = require( './../lib' );
+
+
+// TESTS //
+
+tape( 'main export is a function', function test( t ) {
+	t.ok( true, __filename );
+	t.strictEqual( typeof Title, 'function', 'main export is a function' );
+	t.end();
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor returns an instance which has a `subtitleColor` property', function test( t ) {
+	var v;
+
+	v = new Title();
+	t.strictEqual( hasOwnProp( v, 'subtitleColor' ), false, 'returns expected value' );
+	t.strictEqual( hasProp( v, 'subtitleColor' ), true, 'returns expected value' );
+	t.strictEqual( isUndefined( v.subtitleColor ), true, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	v = new Title({
+		'subtitleColor': 'red'
+	});
+	t.strictEqual( isString( v.subtitleColor ), true, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	t.end();
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor throws an error if provided an invalid `subtitleColor` option', function test( t ) {
+	var values;
+	var i;
+
+	values = [
+		5,
+		NaN,
+		null,
+		true,
+		false,
+		[],
+		{},
+		function noop() {}
+	];
+	for ( i = 0; i < values.length; i++ ) {
+		t.throws( badValue( values[ i ] ), Error, 'throws an error when provided ' + values[ i ] );
+	}
+	t.end();
+
+	function badValue( value ) {
+		return function badValue() {
+			var title = new Title({ // eslint-disable-line no-unused-vars
+				'subtitleColor': value
+			});
+		};
+	}
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor returns an instance having a `subtitleColor` property which throws an error if set to an invalid value', function test( t ) {
+	var values;
+	var i;
+
+	values = [
+		5,
+		NaN,
+		null,
+		true,
+		false,
+		[],
+		{},
+		function noop() {}
+	];
+	for ( i = 0; i < values.length; i++ ) {
+		t.throws( badValue( values[ i ] ), TypeError, 'throws an error when provided ' + values[ i ] );
+	}
+	t.end();
+
+	function badValue( value ) {
+		return function badValue() {
+			var title = new Title();
+			title.subtitleColor = value;
+		};
+	}
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor returns an instance having a `subtitleColor` property', function test( t ) {
+	var title;
+
+	title = new Title();
+	t.strictEqual( isUndefined( title.subtitleColor ), true, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	title = new Title({
+		'subtitleColor': 'steelblue'
+	});
+	t.strictEqual( title.subtitleColor, 'steelblue', 'returns expected value' );
+
+	title = new Title({
+		'subtitleColor': 'red'
+	});
+	t.strictEqual( title.subtitleColor, 'red', 'returns expected value' );
+
+	t.end();
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor returns an instance having a `subtitleColor` property which can be set to a valid method', function test( t ) {
+	var title;
+
+	title = new Title();
+
+	title.subtitleColor = 'steelblue';
+	t.strictEqual( title.subtitleColor, 'steelblue', 'returns expected value' );
+
+	title.subtitleColor = 'red';
+	t.strictEqual( title.subtitleColor, 'red', 'returns expected value' );
+
+	t.end();
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor returns an instance which emits an event when the `subtitleColor` property is set to a new value', function test( t ) {
+	var title;
+	var count;
+
+	title = new Title();
+	count = 0;
+
+	title.on( 'change', onChange );
+
+	title.subtitleColor = 'red';
+	t.strictEqual( count, 1, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	title.subtitleColor = 'steelblue';
+	t.strictEqual( count, 2, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	// Setting to the same value should not emit an event:
+	title.subtitleColor = 'steelblue';
+	t.strictEqual( count, 2, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	t.end();
+
+	function onChange() {
+		count += 1;
+	}
+});
diff --git a/lib/node_modules/@stdlib/plot/vega/title/ctor/test/test.subtitle_font.js b/lib/node_modules/@stdlib/plot/vega/title/ctor/test/test.subtitle_font.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..83d74429680b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/node_modules/@stdlib/plot/vega/title/ctor/test/test.subtitle_font.js
@@ -0,0 +1,167 @@
+/**
+* @license Apache-2.0
+*
+* Copyright (c) 2026 The Stdlib Authors.
+*
+* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+* You may obtain a copy of the License at
+*
+*    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+*
+* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+* limitations under the License.
+*/
+
+'use strict';
+
+// MODULES //
+
+var tape = require( 'tape' );
+var hasOwnProp = require( '@stdlib/assert/has-own-property' );
+var isUndefined = require( '@stdlib/assert/is-undefined' );
+var hasProp = require( '@stdlib/assert/has-property' );
+var isString = require( '@stdlib/assert/is-string' );
+var Title = require( './../lib' );
+
+
+// TESTS //
+
+tape( 'main export is a function', function test( t ) {
+	t.ok( true, __filename );
+	t.strictEqual( typeof Title, 'function', 'main export is a function' );
+	t.end();
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor returns an instance which has a `subtitleFont` property', function test( t ) {
+	var v;
+
+	v = new Title();
+	t.strictEqual( hasOwnProp( v, 'subtitleFont' ), false, 'returns expected value' );
+	t.strictEqual( hasProp( v, 'subtitleFont' ), true, 'returns expected value' );
+	t.strictEqual( isUndefined( v.subtitleFont ), true, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	v = new Title({
+		'subtitleFont': 'Arial'
+	});
+	t.strictEqual( isString( v.subtitleFont ), true, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	t.end();
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor throws an error if provided an invalid `subtitleFont` option', function test( t ) {
+	var values;
+	var i;
+
+	values = [
+		5,
+		NaN,
+		null,
+		true,
+		false,
+		[],
+		{},
+		function noop() {}
+	];
+	for ( i = 0; i < values.length; i++ ) {
+		t.throws( badValue( values[ i ] ), Error, 'throws an error when provided ' + values[ i ] );
+	}
+	t.end();
+
+	function badValue( value ) {
+		return function badValue() {
+			var title = new Title({ // eslint-disable-line no-unused-vars
+				'subtitleFont': value
+			});
+		};
+	}
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor returns an instance having a `subtitleFont` property which throws an error if set to an invalid value', function test( t ) {
+	var values;
+	var i;
+
+	values = [
+		5,
+		NaN,
+		null,
+		true,
+		false,
+		[],
+		{},
+		function noop() {}
+	];
+	for ( i = 0; i < values.length; i++ ) {
+		t.throws( badValue( values[ i ] ), TypeError, 'throws an error when provided ' + values[ i ] );
+	}
+	t.end();
+
+	function badValue( value ) {
+		return function badValue() {
+			var title = new Title();
+			title.subtitleFont = value;
+		};
+	}
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor returns an instance having a `subtitleFont` property', function test( t ) {
+	var title;
+
+	title = new Title();
+	t.strictEqual( isUndefined( title.subtitleFont ), true, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	title = new Title({
+		'subtitleFont': 'Arial'
+	});
+	t.strictEqual( title.subtitleFont, 'Arial', 'returns expected value' );
+
+	title = new Title({
+		'subtitleFont': 'Sans'
+	});
+	t.strictEqual( title.subtitleFont, 'Sans', 'returns expected value' );
+
+	t.end();
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor returns an instance having a `subtitleFont` property which can be set to a valid method', function test( t ) {
+	var title;
+
+	title = new Title();
+
+	title.subtitleFont = 'Arial';
+	t.strictEqual( title.subtitleFont, 'Arial', 'returns expected value' );
+
+	title.subtitleFont = 'Sans';
+	t.strictEqual( title.subtitleFont, 'Sans', 'returns expected value' );
+
+	t.end();
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor returns an instance which emits an event when the `subtitleFont` property is set to a new value', function test( t ) {
+	var title;
+	var count;
+
+	title = new Title();
+	count = 0;
+
+	title.on( 'change', onChange );
+
+	title.subtitleFont = 'Sans';
+	t.strictEqual( count, 1, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	title.subtitleFont = 'Arial';
+	t.strictEqual( count, 2, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	// Setting to the same value should not emit an event:
+	title.subtitleFont = 'Arial';
+	t.strictEqual( count, 2, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	t.end();
+
+	function onChange() {
+		count += 1;
+	}
+});
diff --git a/lib/node_modules/@stdlib/plot/vega/title/ctor/test/test.subtitle_font_size.js b/lib/node_modules/@stdlib/plot/vega/title/ctor/test/test.subtitle_font_size.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..4a0817d999b6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/node_modules/@stdlib/plot/vega/title/ctor/test/test.subtitle_font_size.js
@@ -0,0 +1,167 @@
+/**
+* @license Apache-2.0
+*
+* Copyright (c) 2026 The Stdlib Authors.
+*
+* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+* You may obtain a copy of the License at
+*
+*    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+*
+* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+* limitations under the License.
+*/
+
+'use strict';
+
+// MODULES //
+
+var tape = require( 'tape' );
+var hasOwnProp = require( '@stdlib/assert/has-own-property' );
+var isUndefined = require( '@stdlib/assert/is-undefined' );
+var hasProp = require( '@stdlib/assert/has-property' );
+var isNumber = require( '@stdlib/assert/is-number' );
+var Title = require( './../lib' );
+
+
+// TESTS //
+
+tape( 'main export is a function', function test( t ) {
+	t.ok( true, __filename );
+	t.strictEqual( typeof Title, 'function', 'main export is a function' );
+	t.end();
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor returns an instance which has a `subtitleFontSize` property', function test( t ) {
+	var v;
+
+	v = new Title();
+	t.strictEqual( hasOwnProp( v, 'subtitleFontSize' ), false, 'returns expected value' );
+	t.strictEqual( hasProp( v, 'subtitleFontSize' ), true, 'returns expected value' );
+	t.strictEqual( isUndefined( v.subtitleFontSize ), true, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	v = new Title({
+		'subtitleFontSize': 12
+	});
+	t.strictEqual( isNumber( v.subtitleFontSize ), true, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	t.end();
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor throws an error if provided an invalid `subtitleFontSize` option', function test( t ) {
+	var values;
+	var i;
+
+	values = [
+		'beep',
+		'boop',
+		null,
+		true,
+		false,
+		[],
+		{},
+		function noop() {}
+	];
+	for ( i = 0; i < values.length; i++ ) {
+		t.throws( badValue( values[ i ] ), Error, 'throws an error when provided ' + values[ i ] );
+	}
+	t.end();
+
+	function badValue( value ) {
+		return function badValue() {
+			var title = new Title({ // eslint-disable-line no-unused-vars
+				'subtitleFontSize': value
+			});
+		};
+	}
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor returns an instance having a `subtitleFontSize` property which throws an error if set to an invalid value', function test( t ) {
+	var values;
+	var i;
+
+	values = [
+		'beep',
+		'boop',
+		null,
+		true,
+		false,
+		[],
+		{},
+		function noop() {}
+	];
+	for ( i = 0; i < values.length; i++ ) {
+		t.throws( badValue( values[ i ] ), TypeError, 'throws an error when provided ' + values[ i ] );
+	}
+	t.end();
+
+	function badValue( value ) {
+		return function badValue() {
+			var title = new Title();
+			title.subtitleFontSize = value;
+		};
+	}
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor returns an instance having a `subtitleFontSize` property', function test( t ) {
+	var title;
+
+	title = new Title();
+	t.strictEqual( isUndefined( title.subtitleFontSize ), true, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	title = new Title({
+		'subtitleFontSize': 12
+	});
+	t.strictEqual( title.subtitleFontSize, 12, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	title = new Title({
+		'subtitleFontSize': 14
+	});
+	t.strictEqual( title.subtitleFontSize, 14, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	t.end();
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor returns an instance having a `subtitleFontSize` property which can be set to a valid method', function test( t ) {
+	var title;
+
+	title = new Title();
+
+	title.subtitleFontSize = 12;
+	t.strictEqual( title.subtitleFontSize, 12, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	title.subtitleFontSize = 14;
+	t.strictEqual( title.subtitleFontSize, 14, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	t.end();
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor returns an instance which emits an event when the `subtitleFontSize` property is set to a new value', function test( t ) {
+	var title;
+	var count;
+
+	title = new Title();
+	count = 0;
+
+	title.on( 'change', onChange );
+
+	title.subtitleFontSize = 12;
+	t.strictEqual( count, 1, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	title.subtitleFontSize = 14;
+	t.strictEqual( count, 2, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	// Setting to the same value should not emit an event:
+	title.subtitleFontSize = 14;
+	t.strictEqual( count, 2, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	t.end();
+
+	function onChange() {
+		count += 1;
+	}
+});
diff --git a/lib/node_modules/@stdlib/plot/vega/title/ctor/test/test.subtitle_font_style.js b/lib/node_modules/@stdlib/plot/vega/title/ctor/test/test.subtitle_font_style.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..4e85816fa7f6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/node_modules/@stdlib/plot/vega/title/ctor/test/test.subtitle_font_style.js
@@ -0,0 +1,167 @@
+/**
+* @license Apache-2.0
+*
+* Copyright (c) 2026 The Stdlib Authors.
+*
+* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+* You may obtain a copy of the License at
+*
+*    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+*
+* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+* limitations under the License.
+*/
+
+'use strict';
+
+// MODULES //
+
+var tape = require( 'tape' );
+var hasOwnProp = require( '@stdlib/assert/has-own-property' );
+var isUndefined = require( '@stdlib/assert/is-undefined' );
+var hasProp = require( '@stdlib/assert/has-property' );
+var isString = require( '@stdlib/assert/is-string' );
+var Title = require( './../lib' );
+
+
+// TESTS //
+
+tape( 'main export is a function', function test( t ) {
+	t.ok( true, __filename );
+	t.strictEqual( typeof Title, 'function', 'main export is a function' );
+	t.end();
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor returns an instance which has a `subtitleFontStyle` property', function test( t ) {
+	var v;
+
+	v = new Title();
+	t.strictEqual( hasOwnProp( v, 'subtitleFontStyle' ), false, 'returns expected value' );
+	t.strictEqual( hasProp( v, 'subtitleFontStyle' ), true, 'returns expected value' );
+	t.strictEqual( isUndefined( v.subtitleFontStyle ), true, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	v = new Title({
+		'subtitleFontStyle': 'Arial'
+	});
+	t.strictEqual( isString( v.subtitleFontStyle ), true, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	t.end();
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor throws an error if provided an invalid `subtitleFontStyle` option', function test( t ) {
+	var values;
+	var i;
+
+	values = [
+		5,
+		NaN,
+		null,
+		true,
+		false,
+		[],
+		{},
+		function noop() {}
+	];
+	for ( i = 0; i < values.length; i++ ) {
+		t.throws( badValue( values[ i ] ), Error, 'throws an error when provided ' + values[ i ] );
+	}
+	t.end();
+
+	function badValue( value ) {
+		return function badValue() {
+			var title = new Title({ // eslint-disable-line no-unused-vars
+				'subtitleFontStyle': value
+			});
+		};
+	}
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor returns an instance having a `subtitleFontStyle` property which throws an error if set to an invalid value', function test( t ) {
+	var values;
+	var i;
+
+	values = [
+		5,
+		NaN,
+		null,
+		true,
+		false,
+		[],
+		{},
+		function noop() {}
+	];
+	for ( i = 0; i < values.length; i++ ) {
+		t.throws( badValue( values[ i ] ), TypeError, 'throws an error when provided ' + values[ i ] );
+	}
+	t.end();
+
+	function badValue( value ) {
+		return function badValue() {
+			var title = new Title();
+			title.subtitleFontStyle = value;
+		};
+	}
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor returns an instance having a `subtitleFontStyle` property', function test( t ) {
+	var title;
+
+	title = new Title();
+	t.strictEqual( isUndefined( title.subtitleFontStyle ), true, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	title = new Title({
+		'subtitleFontStyle': 'Arial'
+	});
+	t.strictEqual( title.subtitleFontStyle, 'Arial', 'returns expected value' );
+
+	title = new Title({
+		'subtitleFontStyle': 'Sans'
+	});
+	t.strictEqual( title.subtitleFontStyle, 'Sans', 'returns expected value' );
+
+	t.end();
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor returns an instance having a `subtitleFontStyle` property which can be set to a valid method', function test( t ) {
+	var title;
+
+	title = new Title();
+
+	title.subtitleFontStyle = 'Arial';
+	t.strictEqual( title.subtitleFontStyle, 'Arial', 'returns expected value' );
+
+	title.subtitleFontStyle = 'Sans';
+	t.strictEqual( title.subtitleFontStyle, 'Sans', 'returns expected value' );
+
+	t.end();
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor returns an instance which emits an event when the `subtitleFontStyle` property is set to a new value', function test( t ) {
+	var title;
+	var count;
+
+	title = new Title();
+	count = 0;
+
+	title.on( 'change', onChange );
+
+	title.subtitleFontStyle = 'Sans';
+	t.strictEqual( count, 1, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	title.subtitleFontStyle = 'Arial';
+	t.strictEqual( count, 2, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	// Setting to the same value should not emit an event:
+	title.subtitleFontStyle = 'Arial';
+	t.strictEqual( count, 2, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	t.end();
+
+	function onChange() {
+		count += 1;
+	}
+});
diff --git a/lib/node_modules/@stdlib/plot/vega/title/ctor/test/test.subtitle_font_weight.js b/lib/node_modules/@stdlib/plot/vega/title/ctor/test/test.subtitle_font_weight.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..7550a20798e2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/node_modules/@stdlib/plot/vega/title/ctor/test/test.subtitle_font_weight.js
@@ -0,0 +1,185 @@
+/**
+* @license Apache-2.0
+*
+* Copyright (c) 2026 The Stdlib Authors.
+*
+* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+* You may obtain a copy of the License at
+*
+*    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+*
+* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+* limitations under the License.
+*/
+
+'use strict';
+
+// MODULES //
+
+var tape = require( 'tape' );
+var hasOwnProp = require( '@stdlib/assert/has-own-property' );
+var isUndefined = require( '@stdlib/assert/is-undefined' );
+var hasProp = require( '@stdlib/assert/has-property' );
+var isString = require( '@stdlib/assert/is-string' );
+var isNumber = require( '@stdlib/assert/is-number' );
+var Title = require( './../lib' );
+
+
+// TESTS //
+
+tape( 'main export is a function', function test( t ) {
+	t.ok( true, __filename );
+	t.strictEqual( typeof Title, 'function', 'main export is a function' );
+	t.end();
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor returns an instance which has a `subtitleFontWeight` property', function test( t ) {
+	var v;
+
+	v = new Title();
+	t.strictEqual( hasOwnProp( v, 'subtitleFontWeight' ), false, 'returns expected value' );
+	t.strictEqual( hasProp( v, 'subtitleFontWeight' ), true, 'returns expected value' );
+	t.strictEqual( isUndefined( v.subtitleFontWeight ), true, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	v = new Title({
+		'subtitleFontWeight': 'bold'
+	});
+	t.strictEqual( isString( v.subtitleFontWeight ), true, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	v = new Title({
+		'subtitleFontWeight': 6
+	});
+	t.strictEqual( isNumber( v.subtitleFontWeight ), true, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	t.end();
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor throws an error if provided an invalid `subtitleFontWeight` option', function test( t ) {
+	var values;
+	var i;
+
+	values = [
+		null,
+		true,
+		false,
+		[],
+		{},
+		function noop() {}
+	];
+	for ( i = 0; i < values.length; i++ ) {
+		t.throws( badValue( values[ i ] ), Error, 'throws an error when provided ' + values[ i ] );
+	}
+	t.end();
+
+	function badValue( value ) {
+		return function badValue() {
+			var title = new Title({ // eslint-disable-line no-unused-vars
+				'subtitleFontWeight': value
+			});
+		};
+	}
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor returns an instance having a `subtitleFontWeight` property which throws an error if set to an invalid value', function test( t ) {
+	var values;
+	var i;
+
+	values = [
+		null,
+		true,
+		false,
+		[],
+		{},
+		function noop() {}
+	];
+	for ( i = 0; i < values.length; i++ ) {
+		t.throws( badValue( values[ i ] ), TypeError, 'throws an error when provided ' + values[ i ] );
+	}
+	t.end();
+
+	function badValue( value ) {
+		return function badValue() {
+			var title = new Title();
+			title.subtitleFontWeight = value;
+		};
+	}
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor returns an instance having a `subtitleFontWeight` property', function test( t ) {
+	var title;
+
+	title = new Title();
+	t.strictEqual( isUndefined( title.subtitleFontWeight ), true, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	title = new Title({
+		'subtitleFontWeight': 'bold'
+	});
+	t.strictEqual( title.subtitleFontWeight, 'bold', 'returns expected value' );
+
+	title = new Title({
+		'subtitleFontWeight': 'light'
+	});
+	t.strictEqual( title.subtitleFontWeight, 'light', 'returns expected value' );
+
+	title = new Title({
+		'subtitleFontWeight': 6
+	});
+	t.strictEqual( title.subtitleFontWeight, 6, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	title = new Title({
+		'subtitleFontWeight': 8
+	});
+	t.strictEqual( title.subtitleFontWeight, 8, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	t.end();
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor returns an instance having a `subtitleFontWeight` property which can be set to a valid method', function test( t ) {
+	var title;
+
+	title = new Title();
+
+	title.subtitleFontWeight = 'bold';
+	t.strictEqual( title.subtitleFontWeight, 'bold', 'returns expected value' );
+
+	title.subtitleFontWeight = 'light';
+	t.strictEqual( title.subtitleFontWeight, 'light', 'returns expected value' );
+
+	title.subtitleFontWeight = 6;
+	t.strictEqual( title.subtitleFontWeight, 6, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	title.subtitleFontWeight = 8;
+	t.strictEqual( title.subtitleFontWeight, 8, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	t.end();
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor returns an instance which emits an event when the `subtitleFontWeight` property is set to a new value', function test( t ) {
+	var title;
+	var count;
+
+	title = new Title();
+	count = 0;
+
+	title.on( 'change', onChange );
+
+	title.subtitleFontWeight = 'light';
+	t.strictEqual( count, 1, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	title.subtitleFontWeight = 'bold';
+	t.strictEqual( count, 2, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	// Setting to the same value should not emit an event:
+	title.subtitleFontWeight = 'bold';
+	t.strictEqual( count, 2, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	t.end();
+
+	function onChange() {
+		count += 1;
+	}
+});
diff --git a/lib/node_modules/@stdlib/plot/vega/title/ctor/test/test.subtitle_line_height.js b/lib/node_modules/@stdlib/plot/vega/title/ctor/test/test.subtitle_line_height.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..08b25dcbfe6f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/node_modules/@stdlib/plot/vega/title/ctor/test/test.subtitle_line_height.js
@@ -0,0 +1,167 @@
+/**
+* @license Apache-2.0
+*
+* Copyright (c) 2026 The Stdlib Authors.
+*
+* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+* You may obtain a copy of the License at
+*
+*    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+*
+* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+* limitations under the License.
+*/
+
+'use strict';
+
+// MODULES //
+
+var tape = require( 'tape' );
+var hasOwnProp = require( '@stdlib/assert/has-own-property' );
+var isUndefined = require( '@stdlib/assert/is-undefined' );
+var hasProp = require( '@stdlib/assert/has-property' );
+var isNumber = require( '@stdlib/assert/is-number' );
+var Title = require( './../lib' );
+
+
+// TESTS //
+
+tape( 'main export is a function', function test( t ) {
+	t.ok( true, __filename );
+	t.strictEqual( typeof Title, 'function', 'main export is a function' );
+	t.end();
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor returns an instance which has a `subtitleLineHeight` property', function test( t ) {
+	var v;
+
+	v = new Title();
+	t.strictEqual( hasOwnProp( v, 'subtitleLineHeight' ), false, 'returns expected value' );
+	t.strictEqual( hasProp( v, 'subtitleLineHeight' ), true, 'returns expected value' );
+	t.strictEqual( isUndefined( v.subtitleLineHeight ), true, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	v = new Title({
+		'subtitleLineHeight': 2
+	});
+	t.strictEqual( isNumber( v.subtitleLineHeight ), true, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	t.end();
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor throws an error if provided an invalid `subtitleLineHeight` option', function test( t ) {
+	var values;
+	var i;
+
+	values = [
+		'beep',
+		'boop',
+		null,
+		true,
+		false,
+		[],
+		{},
+		function noop() {}
+	];
+	for ( i = 0; i < values.length; i++ ) {
+		t.throws( badValue( values[ i ] ), Error, 'throws an error when provided ' + values[ i ] );
+	}
+	t.end();
+
+	function badValue( value ) {
+		return function badValue() {
+			var title = new Title({ // eslint-disable-line no-unused-vars
+				'subtitleLineHeight': value
+			});
+		};
+	}
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor returns an instance having a `subtitleLineHeight` property which throws an error if set to an invalid value', function test( t ) {
+	var values;
+	var i;
+
+	values = [
+		'beep',
+		'boop',
+		null,
+		true,
+		false,
+		[],
+		{},
+		function noop() {}
+	];
+	for ( i = 0; i < values.length; i++ ) {
+		t.throws( badValue( values[ i ] ), TypeError, 'throws an error when provided ' + values[ i ] );
+	}
+	t.end();
+
+	function badValue( value ) {
+		return function badValue() {
+			var title = new Title();
+			title.subtitleLineHeight = value;
+		};
+	}
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor returns an instance having a `subtitleLineHeight` property', function test( t ) {
+	var title;
+
+	title = new Title();
+	t.strictEqual( isUndefined( title.subtitleLineHeight ), true, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	title = new Title({
+		'subtitleLineHeight': 2
+	});
+	t.strictEqual( title.subtitleLineHeight, 2, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	title = new Title({
+		'subtitleLineHeight': 4
+	});
+	t.strictEqual( title.subtitleLineHeight, 4, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	t.end();
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor returns an instance having a `subtitleLineHeight` property which can be set to a valid method', function test( t ) {
+	var title;
+
+	title = new Title();
+
+	title.subtitleLineHeight = 2;
+	t.strictEqual( title.subtitleLineHeight, 2, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	title.subtitleLineHeight = 4;
+	t.strictEqual( title.subtitleLineHeight, 4, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	t.end();
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor returns an instance which emits an event when the `subtitleLineHeight` property is set to a new value', function test( t ) {
+	var title;
+	var count;
+
+	title = new Title();
+	count = 0;
+
+	title.on( 'change', onChange );
+
+	title.subtitleLineHeight = 2;
+	t.strictEqual( count, 1, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	title.subtitleLineHeight = 4;
+	t.strictEqual( count, 2, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	// Setting to the same value should not emit an event:
+	title.subtitleLineHeight = 4;
+	t.strictEqual( count, 2, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	t.end();
+
+	function onChange() {
+		count += 1;
+	}
+});
diff --git a/lib/node_modules/@stdlib/plot/vega/title/ctor/test/test.subtitle_padding.js b/lib/node_modules/@stdlib/plot/vega/title/ctor/test/test.subtitle_padding.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..a654106b8bb2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/node_modules/@stdlib/plot/vega/title/ctor/test/test.subtitle_padding.js
@@ -0,0 +1,167 @@
+/**
+* @license Apache-2.0
+*
+* Copyright (c) 2026 The Stdlib Authors.
+*
+* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+* You may obtain a copy of the License at
+*
+*    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+*
+* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+* limitations under the License.
+*/
+
+'use strict';
+
+// MODULES //
+
+var tape = require( 'tape' );
+var hasOwnProp = require( '@stdlib/assert/has-own-property' );
+var isUndefined = require( '@stdlib/assert/is-undefined' );
+var hasProp = require( '@stdlib/assert/has-property' );
+var isNumber = require( '@stdlib/assert/is-number' );
+var Title = require( './../lib' );
+
+
+// TESTS //
+
+tape( 'main export is a function', function test( t ) {
+	t.ok( true, __filename );
+	t.strictEqual( typeof Title, 'function', 'main export is a function' );
+	t.end();
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor returns an instance which has a `subtitlePadding` property', function test( t ) {
+	var v;
+
+	v = new Title();
+	t.strictEqual( hasOwnProp( v, 'subtitlePadding' ), false, 'returns expected value' );
+	t.strictEqual( hasProp( v, 'subtitlePadding' ), true, 'returns expected value' );
+	t.strictEqual( isUndefined( v.subtitlePadding ), true, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	v = new Title({
+		'subtitlePadding': 12
+	});
+	t.strictEqual( isNumber( v.subtitlePadding ), true, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	t.end();
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor throws an error if provided an invalid `subtitlePadding` option', function test( t ) {
+	var values;
+	var i;
+
+	values = [
+		'beep',
+		'boop',
+		null,
+		true,
+		false,
+		[],
+		{},
+		function noop() {}
+	];
+	for ( i = 0; i < values.length; i++ ) {
+		t.throws( badValue( values[ i ] ), Error, 'throws an error when provided ' + values[ i ] );
+	}
+	t.end();
+
+	function badValue( value ) {
+		return function badValue() {
+			var title = new Title({ // eslint-disable-line no-unused-vars
+				'subtitlePadding': value
+			});
+		};
+	}
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor returns an instance having a `subtitlePadding` property which throws an error if set to an invalid value', function test( t ) {
+	var values;
+	var i;
+
+	values = [
+		'beep',
+		'boop',
+		null,
+		true,
+		false,
+		[],
+		{},
+		function noop() {}
+	];
+	for ( i = 0; i < values.length; i++ ) {
+		t.throws( badValue( values[ i ] ), TypeError, 'throws an error when provided ' + values[ i ] );
+	}
+	t.end();
+
+	function badValue( value ) {
+		return function badValue() {
+			var title = new Title();
+			title.subtitlePadding = value;
+		};
+	}
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor returns an instance having a `subtitlePadding` property', function test( t ) {
+	var title;
+
+	title = new Title();
+	t.strictEqual( isUndefined( title.subtitlePadding ), true, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	title = new Title({
+		'subtitlePadding': 12
+	});
+	t.strictEqual( title.subtitlePadding, 12, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	title = new Title({
+		'subtitlePadding': 14
+	});
+	t.strictEqual( title.subtitlePadding, 14, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	t.end();
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor returns an instance having a `subtitlePadding` property which can be set to a valid method', function test( t ) {
+	var title;
+
+	title = new Title();
+
+	title.subtitlePadding = 12;
+	t.strictEqual( title.subtitlePadding, 12, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	title.subtitlePadding = 14;
+	t.strictEqual( title.subtitlePadding, 14, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	t.end();
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor returns an instance which emits an event when the `subtitlePadding` property is set to a new value', function test( t ) {
+	var title;
+	var count;
+
+	title = new Title();
+	count = 0;
+
+	title.on( 'change', onChange );
+
+	title.subtitlePadding = 12;
+	t.strictEqual( count, 1, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	title.subtitlePadding = 14;
+	t.strictEqual( count, 2, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	// Setting to the same value should not emit an event:
+	title.subtitlePadding = 14;
+	t.strictEqual( count, 2, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	t.end();
+
+	function onChange() {
+		count += 1;
+	}
+});
diff --git a/lib/node_modules/@stdlib/plot/vega/title/ctor/test/test.text.js b/lib/node_modules/@stdlib/plot/vega/title/ctor/test/test.text.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..6fb2d75e1cb9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/node_modules/@stdlib/plot/vega/title/ctor/test/test.text.js
@@ -0,0 +1,165 @@
+/**
+* @license Apache-2.0
+*
+* Copyright (c) 2026 The Stdlib Authors.
+*
+* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+* You may obtain a copy of the License at
+*
+*    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+*
+* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+* limitations under the License.
+*/
+
+'use strict';
+
+// MODULES //
+
+var tape = require( 'tape' );
+var hasOwnProp = require( '@stdlib/assert/has-own-property' );
+var hasProp = require( '@stdlib/assert/has-property' );
+var isSameArray = require( '@stdlib/assert/is-same-array' );
+var isEmptyArray = require( '@stdlib/assert/is-empty-array' );
+var Title = require( './../lib' );
+
+
+// TESTS //
+
+tape( 'main export is a function', function test( t ) {
+	t.ok( true, __filename );
+	t.strictEqual( typeof Title, 'function', 'main export is a function' );
+	t.end();
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor returns an instance which has a `text` property', function test( t ) {
+	var v;
+
+	v = new Title();
+	t.strictEqual( hasOwnProp( v, 'text' ), false, 'returns expected value' );
+	t.strictEqual( hasProp( v, 'text' ), true, 'returns expected value' );
+	t.strictEqual( isEmptyArray( v.text ), true, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	v = new Title({
+		'text': 'foo bar'
+	});
+	t.strictEqual( isSameArray( v.text, [ 'foo bar' ] ), true, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	t.end();
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor throws an error if provided an invalid `text` option', function test( t ) {
+	var values;
+	var i;
+
+	values = [
+		5,
+		NaN,
+		null,
+		true,
+		false,
+		{},
+		function noop() {}
+	];
+	for ( i = 0; i < values.length; i++ ) {
+		t.throws( badValue( values[ i ] ), Error, 'throws an error when provided ' + values[ i ] );
+	}
+	t.end();
+
+	function badValue( value ) {
+		return function badValue() {
+			var title = new Title({ // eslint-disable-line no-unused-vars
+				'text': value
+			});
+		};
+	}
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor returns an instance having a `text` property which throws an error if set to an invalid value', function test( t ) {
+	var values;
+	var i;
+
+	values = [
+		5,
+		NaN,
+		null,
+		true,
+		false,
+		{},
+		function noop() {}
+	];
+	for ( i = 0; i < values.length; i++ ) {
+		t.throws( badValue( values[ i ] ), TypeError, 'throws an error when provided ' + values[ i ] );
+	}
+	t.end();
+
+	function badValue( value ) {
+		return function badValue() {
+			var title = new Title();
+			title.text = value;
+		};
+	}
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor returns an instance having a `text` property', function test( t ) {
+	var title;
+
+	title = new Title();
+	t.strictEqual( isEmptyArray( title.text ), true, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	title = new Title({
+		'text': 'foo bar'
+	});
+	t.strictEqual( isSameArray( title.text, [ 'foo bar' ] ), true, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	title = new Title({
+		'text': 'beep boop'
+	});
+	t.strictEqual( isSameArray( title.text, [ 'beep boop' ] ), true, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	t.end();
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor returns an instance having a `text` property which can be set to a valid method', function test( t ) {
+	var title;
+
+	title = new Title();
+
+	title.text = 'foo bar';
+	t.strictEqual( isSameArray( title.text, [ 'foo bar' ] ), true, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	title.text = 'beep boop';
+	t.strictEqual( isSameArray( title.text, [ 'beep boop' ] ), true, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	t.end();
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor returns an instance which emits an event when the `text` property is set to a new value', function test( t ) {
+	var title;
+	var count;
+
+	title = new Title();
+	count = 0;
+
+	title.on( 'change', onChange );
+
+	title.text = 'beep boop';
+	t.strictEqual( count, 1, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	title.text = 'foo bar';
+	t.strictEqual( count, 2, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	// Setting to the same value should not emit an event:
+	title.text = 'foo bar';
+	t.strictEqual( count, 2, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	t.end();
+
+	function onChange() {
+		count += 1;
+	}
+});
diff --git a/lib/node_modules/@stdlib/plot/vega/title/ctor/test/test.zindex.js b/lib/node_modules/@stdlib/plot/vega/title/ctor/test/test.zindex.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..77362a72ffb0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/node_modules/@stdlib/plot/vega/title/ctor/test/test.zindex.js
@@ -0,0 +1,161 @@
+/**
+* @license Apache-2.0
+*
+* Copyright (c) 2026 The Stdlib Authors.
+*
+* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+* You may obtain a copy of the License at
+*
+*    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+*
+* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+* limitations under the License.
+*/
+
+'use strict';
+
+// MODULES //
+
+var tape = require( 'tape' );
+var hasOwnProp = require( '@stdlib/assert/has-own-property' );
+var hasProp = require( '@stdlib/assert/has-property' );
+var isNumber = require( '@stdlib/assert/is-number' );
+var Title = require( './../lib' );
+
+
+// TESTS //
+
+tape( 'main export is a function', function test( t ) {
+	t.ok( true, __filename );
+	t.strictEqual( typeof Title, 'function', 'main export is a function' );
+	t.end();
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor returns an instance which has a `zindex` property', function test( t ) {
+	var v;
+
+	v = new Title();
+	t.strictEqual( hasOwnProp( v, 'zindex' ), false, 'returns expected value' );
+	t.strictEqual( hasProp( v, 'zindex' ), true, 'returns expected value' );
+	t.strictEqual( isNumber( v.zindex ), true, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	t.end();
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor throws an error if provided an invalid `zindex` option', function test( t ) {
+	var values;
+	var i;
+
+	values = [
+		'beep',
+		'boop',
+		null,
+		true,
+		false,
+		[],
+		{},
+		function noop() {}
+	];
+	for ( i = 0; i < values.length; i++ ) {
+		t.throws( badValue( values[ i ] ), Error, 'throws an error when provided ' + values[ i ] );
+	}
+	t.end();
+
+	function badValue( value ) {
+		return function badValue() {
+			var title = new Title({ // eslint-disable-line no-unused-vars
+				'zindex': value
+			});
+		};
+	}
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor returns an instance having a `zindex` property which throws an error if set to an invalid value', function test( t ) {
+	var values;
+	var i;
+
+	values = [
+		'beep',
+		'boop',
+		null,
+		true,
+		false,
+		[],
+		{},
+		function noop() {}
+	];
+	for ( i = 0; i < values.length; i++ ) {
+		t.throws( badValue( values[ i ] ), TypeError, 'throws an error when provided ' + values[ i ] );
+	}
+	t.end();
+
+	function badValue( value ) {
+		return function badValue() {
+			var title = new Title();
+			title.zindex = value;
+		};
+	}
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor returns an instance having a `zindex` property', function test( t ) {
+	var title;
+
+	title = new Title();
+	t.strictEqual( title.zindex, 0, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	title = new Title({
+		'zindex': 2
+	});
+	t.strictEqual( title.zindex, 2, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	title = new Title({
+		'zindex': 4
+	});
+	t.strictEqual( title.zindex, 4, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	t.end();
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor returns an instance having a `zindex` property which can be set to a valid method', function test( t ) {
+	var title;
+
+	title = new Title();
+
+	title.zindex = 2;
+	t.strictEqual( title.zindex, 2, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	title.zindex = 4;
+	t.strictEqual( title.zindex, 4, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	t.end();
+});
+
+tape( 'the constructor returns an instance which emits an event when the `zindex` property is set to a new value', function test( t ) {
+	var title;
+	var count;
+
+	title = new Title();
+	count = 0;
+
+	title.on( 'change', onChange );
+
+	title.zindex = 2;
+	t.strictEqual( count, 1, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	title.zindex = 4;
+	t.strictEqual( count, 2, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	// Setting to the same value should not emit an event:
+	title.zindex = 4;
+	t.strictEqual( count, 2, 'returns expected value' );
+
+	t.end();
+
+	function onChange() {
+		count += 1;
+	}
+});