[AURON #2024] Support multi-JDK versions in Docker images.

[slfan1989]

Which issue does this PR close?

Closes #2024

Rationale for this change

JDK 8 and JDK 11 have reached End of Life (EOL), and our Docker build environments currently use inconsistent JDK versions and installation methods across different Linux distributions. This PR addresses these issues by:

1. Preparing for JDK migration: Enable testing and migration to actively supported JDK versions (17/21 LTS)
2. Unifying JDK installation: Standardize to Eclipse Temurin binaries across all platforms, removing dependency on distribution-specific package managers
3. Improving flexibility: Support multiple JDK versions in a single image without rebuilding
4. Reducing security risks: Provide clear path away from EOL software while maintaining backward compatibility

What changes are included in this PR?

Core Changes

Unified multi-JDK support across all 5 Docker build images:

• dev/docker-build/ubuntu24/Dockerfile
• dev/docker-build/debian11/Dockerfile
• dev/docker-build/centos7/Dockerfile
• dev/docker-build/rockylinux8/Dockerfile
• dev/docker-build/azurelinux3/Dockerfile

Are there any user-facing changes?

None - Default behavior (JDK 8) remains unchanged.

How was this patch tested?

Exists CI.