[FLINK-14925][table] Support precision-aware TO_TIMESTAMP with format-based inference

[raminqaf]

What is the purpose of the change

This pull request makes the TO_TIMESTAMP function precision-aware when a format pattern is provided. Previously,
TO_TIMESTAMP always returned TIMESTAMP(3) regardless of the format pattern's fractional second precision, which forced users to lose sub-millisecond data. This is the TO_TIMESTAMP counterpart to the TO_TIMESTAMP_LTZ precision support added in FLINK-39244.

The output type for the 1-arg variant remains TIMESTAMP(3) for backward compatibility. For the 2-arg variant, precision is
inferred from the format pattern's trailing S count (e.g., SSSSSS → TIMESTAMP(6)), with a minimum of 3.

As part of this change, TO_TIMESTAMP is migrated from the legacy Calcite-native function pattern (FlinkSqlOperatorTable + StringCallGen codegen) to the modern bridging function pattern (BuiltInFunctionDefinition + runtimeClass), matching how
TO_TIMESTAMP_LTZ is implemented. This was made possible by fixing the function name from camelCase "toTimestamp" to "TO_TIMESTAMP", which allows CoreModule to resolve it correctly for SQL queries without needing a separate FlinkSqlOperatorTable entry.

Brief change log

• Type strategy (ToTimestampTypeStrategy): New output type strategy that returns TIMESTAMP(3) for the 1-arg variant
  and TIMESTAMP(max(sCount, 3)) for the 2-arg variant, where sCount is inferred from the format pattern's trailing S
  characters.
• Runtime function (ToTimestampFunction): New runtime class with eval(StringData) and eval(StringData, StringData)
  methods. The 2-arg variant passes precisionFromFormat(format) to parseTimestampData for precision-aware parsing.
• Function definition (BuiltInFunctionDefinitions): Changed name from "toTimestamp" to "TO_TIMESTAMP" (removing the need for explicit sqlName), added runtimeClass, and switched output type strategy to SpecificTypeStrategies.TO_TIMESTAMP.
• Removed legacy plumbing: Removed FlinkSqlOperatorTable.TO_TIMESTAMP, DirectConvertRule mapping, StringCallGen
  cases, and BuiltInMethods.STRING_TO_TIMESTAMP / STRING_TO_TIMESTAMP_WITH_FORMAT — all superseded by the bridging function mechanism.
• Documentation: Updated sql_functions.yml, sql_functions_zh.yml, and Python expressions.py / expression.py
  docstrings with precision-dependent output types and examples.

Verifying this change

This change added tests and can be verified as follows:

• Added type strategy unit tests in ToTimestampTypeStrategyTest covering 1-arg default precision, 2-arg format-based
  precision (SSS/SSSSSS/SSSSSSSSS/no-S), invalid argument types, and argument count validation.
• Added integration tests in TimeFunctionsITCase for 1-arg truncation to precision 3, 2-arg precision 6/9 from format, SSS format staying at precision 3, fewer input digits than format precision, unparsable string, and null input.
• Removed redundant legacy tests from TemporalTypesTest.scala that are now covered by the new TimeFunctionsITCase tests.

Does this pull request potentially affect one of the following parts:

• Dependencies (does it add or upgrade a dependency): no
• The public API, i.e., is any changed class annotated with @Public(Evolving): no
• The serializers: no
• The runtime per-record code paths (performance sensitive): no — the ToTimestampFunction.eval() methods call the same DateTimeUtils.parseTimestampData methods as before.
• Anything that affects deployment or recovery: JobManager (and its components), Checkpointing, Kubernetes/Yarn, ZooKeeper: no
• The S3 file system connector: no

Documentation

• Does this pull request introduce a new feature? yes
• If yes, how is the feature documented? docs / JavaDocs / PyDocs

[flinkbot]

CI report:

• b798f98 Azure: SUCCESS

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[raminqaf]

@twalthr & @snuyanzin
I have added this because of this test:

https://github.com/raminqaf/flink/blob/afe6ef9fb08016e6d7ef3a60421f7f1b7034dc7d/flink-table/flink-table-planner/src/test/scala/org/apache/flink/table/planner/expressions/TemporalTypesTest.scala#L1009-L1009

Currently for the TO_TIMESTAMP_LTZ('abc') function we are not returning null but throw an exception. Should this be handled to return null? If yes, I can make a followup issue/PR

[snuyanzin]

this seems not fixed yet

[snuyanzin]

what is the reason of such change?
Usually we don't need to quote function names

[raminqaf]

This change is a side effect of migrating TO_TIMESTAMP from the legacy FlinkSqlOperatorTable + StringCallGen code generation path to the modern BridgingSqlFunction + runtimeClass pattern (matching how TO_TIMESTAMP_LTZ is implemented).

The serializableString is produced by CallExpression.asSerializableString(). When the function is resolved through FunctionCatalog (the bridging path), the serialization goes through getSerializableFunctionName() → EncodingUtils.escapeIdentifier(), which wraps identifiers in backticks.